Targeting Cytokine-Mediated Inflammation in Brain Disorders: Developing New Treatment Strategies
Cytokine-mediated inflammation is increasingly recognized for playing a vital role in the pathophysiology of a wide range of brain disorders, including neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental problems. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alph...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Rahul Mallick Sanjay Basak Premanjali Chowdhury Prasenjit Bhowmik Ranjit K. Das Antara Banerjee Sujay Paul Surajit Pathak Asim K. Duttaroy |
| author_facet | Rahul Mallick Sanjay Basak Premanjali Chowdhury Prasenjit Bhowmik Ranjit K. Das Antara Banerjee Sujay Paul Surajit Pathak Asim K. Duttaroy |
| author_sort | Rahul Mallick |
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| description | Cytokine-mediated inflammation is increasingly recognized for playing a vital role in the pathophysiology of a wide range of brain disorders, including neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental problems. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) cause neuroinflammation, alter brain function, and accelerate disease development. Despite progress in understanding these pathways, effective medicines targeting brain inflammation are still limited. Traditional anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs are effective in peripheral inflammatory illnesses. Still, they face substantial hurdles when applied to the central nervous system (CNS), such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and unwanted systemic effects. This review highlights the developing treatment techniques for modifying cytokine-driven neuroinflammation, focusing on advances that selectively target critical cytokines involved in brain pathology. Novel approaches, including cytokine-specific inhibitors, antibody-based therapeutics, gene- and RNA-based interventions, and sophisticated drug delivery systems like nanoparticles, show promise with respect to lowering neuroinflammation with greater specificity and safety. Furthermore, developments in biomarker discoveries and neuroimaging techniques are improving our ability to monitor inflammatory responses, allowing for more accurate and personalized treatment regimens. Preclinical and clinical trial data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of these tailored techniques. However, significant challenges remain, such as improving delivery across the BBB and reducing off-target effects. As research advances, the creation of personalized, cytokine-centered therapeutics has the potential to alter the therapy landscape for brain illnesses, giving patients hope for better results and a higher quality of life. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9dc4f70c1d6046c4969d74e887903763 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj-art-9dc4f70c1d6046c4969d74e8879037632025-01-24T13:45:24ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472025-01-0118110410.3390/ph18010104Targeting Cytokine-Mediated Inflammation in Brain Disorders: Developing New Treatment StrategiesRahul Mallick0Sanjay Basak1Premanjali Chowdhury2Prasenjit Bhowmik3Ranjit K. Das4Antara Banerjee5Sujay Paul6Surajit Pathak7Asim K. Duttaroy8A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, FinlandMolecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500007, IndiaInstitute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, FinlandDepartment of Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, SwedenDepartment of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USAFaculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai 603103, IndiaSchool of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, MexicoFaculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai 603103, IndiaDepartment of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, NorwayCytokine-mediated inflammation is increasingly recognized for playing a vital role in the pathophysiology of a wide range of brain disorders, including neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental problems. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) cause neuroinflammation, alter brain function, and accelerate disease development. Despite progress in understanding these pathways, effective medicines targeting brain inflammation are still limited. Traditional anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs are effective in peripheral inflammatory illnesses. Still, they face substantial hurdles when applied to the central nervous system (CNS), such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and unwanted systemic effects. This review highlights the developing treatment techniques for modifying cytokine-driven neuroinflammation, focusing on advances that selectively target critical cytokines involved in brain pathology. Novel approaches, including cytokine-specific inhibitors, antibody-based therapeutics, gene- and RNA-based interventions, and sophisticated drug delivery systems like nanoparticles, show promise with respect to lowering neuroinflammation with greater specificity and safety. Furthermore, developments in biomarker discoveries and neuroimaging techniques are improving our ability to monitor inflammatory responses, allowing for more accurate and personalized treatment regimens. Preclinical and clinical trial data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of these tailored techniques. However, significant challenges remain, such as improving delivery across the BBB and reducing off-target effects. As research advances, the creation of personalized, cytokine-centered therapeutics has the potential to alter the therapy landscape for brain illnesses, giving patients hope for better results and a higher quality of life.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/104cytokine-mediated neuroinflammationbrain disorders therapypro-inflammatory cytokinestargeted drug deliverybiomarkers in neuroinflammation |
| spellingShingle | Rahul Mallick Sanjay Basak Premanjali Chowdhury Prasenjit Bhowmik Ranjit K. Das Antara Banerjee Sujay Paul Surajit Pathak Asim K. Duttaroy Targeting Cytokine-Mediated Inflammation in Brain Disorders: Developing New Treatment Strategies Pharmaceuticals cytokine-mediated neuroinflammation brain disorders therapy pro-inflammatory cytokines targeted drug delivery biomarkers in neuroinflammation |
| title | Targeting Cytokine-Mediated Inflammation in Brain Disorders: Developing New Treatment Strategies |
| title_full | Targeting Cytokine-Mediated Inflammation in Brain Disorders: Developing New Treatment Strategies |
| title_fullStr | Targeting Cytokine-Mediated Inflammation in Brain Disorders: Developing New Treatment Strategies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Targeting Cytokine-Mediated Inflammation in Brain Disorders: Developing New Treatment Strategies |
| title_short | Targeting Cytokine-Mediated Inflammation in Brain Disorders: Developing New Treatment Strategies |
| title_sort | targeting cytokine mediated inflammation in brain disorders developing new treatment strategies |
| topic | cytokine-mediated neuroinflammation brain disorders therapy pro-inflammatory cytokines targeted drug delivery biomarkers in neuroinflammation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/104 |
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