Maxwell’s Demon Is Foiled by the Entropy Cost of Measurement, Not Erasure
I dispute the conventional claim that the second law of thermodynamics is saved from a “Maxwell’s demon” by the entropy cost of information erasure and show that instead it is measurement that incurs the entropy cost. Thus, Brillouin, who identified measurement as savior of the second law, was essen...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Ruth E. Kastner |
| author_facet | Ruth E. Kastner |
| author_sort | Ruth E. Kastner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | I dispute the conventional claim that the second law of thermodynamics is saved from a “Maxwell’s demon” by the entropy cost of information erasure and show that instead it is measurement that incurs the entropy cost. Thus, Brillouin, who identified measurement as savior of the second law, was essentially correct, and putative refutations of his view, such as Bennett’s claim to measure without entropy cost, are seen to fail when the applicable physics is taken into account. I argue that the tradition of attributing the defeat of Maxwell’s demon to erasure rather than to measurement arose from unphysical classical idealizations that do not hold for real gas molecules, as well as a physically ungrounded recasting of physical thermodynamical processes into computational and information-theoretic conceptualizations. I argue that the fundamental principle that saves the second law is the quantum uncertainty principle applying to the need to localize physical states to precise values of observables in order to effect the desired disequilibria aimed at violating the second law. I obtain the specific entropy cost for localizing a molecule in the Szilard engine and show that it coincides with the quantity attributed to Landauer’s principle. I also note that an experiment characterized as upholding an entropy cost of erasure in a “quantum Maxwell’s demon” actually demonstrates an entropy cost of measurement. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9d17129ae54749d0b9f23249988e9c00 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2673-9321 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-9d17129ae54749d0b9f23249988e9c002025-08-20T02:21:01ZengMDPI AGFoundations2673-93212025-05-01521610.3390/foundations5020016Maxwell’s Demon Is Foiled by the Entropy Cost of Measurement, Not ErasureRuth E. Kastner0Department of Philosophy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USAI dispute the conventional claim that the second law of thermodynamics is saved from a “Maxwell’s demon” by the entropy cost of information erasure and show that instead it is measurement that incurs the entropy cost. Thus, Brillouin, who identified measurement as savior of the second law, was essentially correct, and putative refutations of his view, such as Bennett’s claim to measure without entropy cost, are seen to fail when the applicable physics is taken into account. I argue that the tradition of attributing the defeat of Maxwell’s demon to erasure rather than to measurement arose from unphysical classical idealizations that do not hold for real gas molecules, as well as a physically ungrounded recasting of physical thermodynamical processes into computational and information-theoretic conceptualizations. I argue that the fundamental principle that saves the second law is the quantum uncertainty principle applying to the need to localize physical states to precise values of observables in order to effect the desired disequilibria aimed at violating the second law. I obtain the specific entropy cost for localizing a molecule in the Szilard engine and show that it coincides with the quantity attributed to Landauer’s principle. I also note that an experiment characterized as upholding an entropy cost of erasure in a “quantum Maxwell’s demon” actually demonstrates an entropy cost of measurement.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9321/5/2/16entropyMaxwell’s demonsecond law of thermodynamicsLandauer’s principlequantum measurement |
| spellingShingle | Ruth E. Kastner Maxwell’s Demon Is Foiled by the Entropy Cost of Measurement, Not Erasure Foundations entropy Maxwell’s demon second law of thermodynamics Landauer’s principle quantum measurement |
| title | Maxwell’s Demon Is Foiled by the Entropy Cost of Measurement, Not Erasure |
| title_full | Maxwell’s Demon Is Foiled by the Entropy Cost of Measurement, Not Erasure |
| title_fullStr | Maxwell’s Demon Is Foiled by the Entropy Cost of Measurement, Not Erasure |
| title_full_unstemmed | Maxwell’s Demon Is Foiled by the Entropy Cost of Measurement, Not Erasure |
| title_short | Maxwell’s Demon Is Foiled by the Entropy Cost of Measurement, Not Erasure |
| title_sort | maxwell s demon is foiled by the entropy cost of measurement not erasure |
| topic | entropy Maxwell’s demon second law of thermodynamics Landauer’s principle quantum measurement |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9321/5/2/16 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ruthekastner maxwellsdemonisfoiledbytheentropycostofmeasurementnoterasure |