Raman Spectroscopy of Fullerenes: From C<sub>60</sub> to Functionalized Derivatives

Fullerenes, a unique allotrope of carbon, have captured significant attention in multiple scientific fields. As a non-destructive characterization technique, Raman spectroscopy has proven indispensable for investigating fullerenes and their derivatives, offering detailed insights into their vibratio...

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Main Authors: Yifan Qin, Jilian Xu, Zhewen Liang, Haijun Teng, Da Zhan, Hai Xu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Molecules
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/3/738
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author Yifan Qin
Jilian Xu
Zhewen Liang
Haijun Teng
Da Zhan
Hai Xu
author_facet Yifan Qin
Jilian Xu
Zhewen Liang
Haijun Teng
Da Zhan
Hai Xu
author_sort Yifan Qin
collection DOAJ
description Fullerenes, a unique allotrope of carbon, have captured significant attention in multiple scientific fields. As a non-destructive characterization technique, Raman spectroscopy has proven indispensable for investigating fullerenes and their derivatives, offering detailed insights into their vibrational properties. This review discusses the broad utility of Raman spectroscopy in revealing the structural and physicochemical characteristics of fullerenes—from the iconic C<sub>60</sub> molecule to an array of its derivatives—highlighting its capacity to detect functionalization-induced changes in molecular structure and electronic properties, while also assessing environmental influences such as solvent effects and temperature variations. Particular emphasis is placed on advanced Raman-based techniques, including enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), for the characterization of fullerenes and their derivatives. These cutting-edge methods offer high sensitivity and ultra-high spatial resolution, greatly expanding the scope of fullerene research and delivering deeper insights into their structural and functional properties.
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series Molecules
spelling doaj-art-9c80456761614d6bb5e57947dc0ec1e42025-08-20T02:48:03ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-02-0130373810.3390/molecules30030738Raman Spectroscopy of Fullerenes: From C<sub>60</sub> to Functionalized DerivativesYifan Qin0Jilian Xu1Zhewen Liang2Haijun Teng3Da Zhan4Hai Xu5State Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, ChinaFullerenes, a unique allotrope of carbon, have captured significant attention in multiple scientific fields. As a non-destructive characterization technique, Raman spectroscopy has proven indispensable for investigating fullerenes and their derivatives, offering detailed insights into their vibrational properties. This review discusses the broad utility of Raman spectroscopy in revealing the structural and physicochemical characteristics of fullerenes—from the iconic C<sub>60</sub> molecule to an array of its derivatives—highlighting its capacity to detect functionalization-induced changes in molecular structure and electronic properties, while also assessing environmental influences such as solvent effects and temperature variations. Particular emphasis is placed on advanced Raman-based techniques, including enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), for the characterization of fullerenes and their derivatives. These cutting-edge methods offer high sensitivity and ultra-high spatial resolution, greatly expanding the scope of fullerene research and delivering deeper insights into their structural and functional properties.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/3/738fullerenefullerene derivativesRamanSERSTERS
spellingShingle Yifan Qin
Jilian Xu
Zhewen Liang
Haijun Teng
Da Zhan
Hai Xu
Raman Spectroscopy of Fullerenes: From C<sub>60</sub> to Functionalized Derivatives
Molecules
fullerene
fullerene derivatives
Raman
SERS
TERS
title Raman Spectroscopy of Fullerenes: From C<sub>60</sub> to Functionalized Derivatives
title_full Raman Spectroscopy of Fullerenes: From C<sub>60</sub> to Functionalized Derivatives
title_fullStr Raman Spectroscopy of Fullerenes: From C<sub>60</sub> to Functionalized Derivatives
title_full_unstemmed Raman Spectroscopy of Fullerenes: From C<sub>60</sub> to Functionalized Derivatives
title_short Raman Spectroscopy of Fullerenes: From C<sub>60</sub> to Functionalized Derivatives
title_sort raman spectroscopy of fullerenes from c sub 60 sub to functionalized derivatives
topic fullerene
fullerene derivatives
Raman
SERS
TERS
url https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/3/738
work_keys_str_mv AT yifanqin ramanspectroscopyoffullerenesfromcsub60subtofunctionalizedderivatives
AT jilianxu ramanspectroscopyoffullerenesfromcsub60subtofunctionalizedderivatives
AT zhewenliang ramanspectroscopyoffullerenesfromcsub60subtofunctionalizedderivatives
AT haijunteng ramanspectroscopyoffullerenesfromcsub60subtofunctionalizedderivatives
AT dazhan ramanspectroscopyoffullerenesfromcsub60subtofunctionalizedderivatives
AT haixu ramanspectroscopyoffullerenesfromcsub60subtofunctionalizedderivatives