Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Lifestyle Modifications
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. A central pathophysiological mechanism linking T2DM to cardiovascular complications is oxida...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Alfredo Caturano Maria Rocco Giuseppina Tagliaferri Alessia Piacevole Davide Nilo Giovanni Di Lorenzo Ilaria Iadicicco Mariarosaria Donnarumma Raffaele Galiero Carlo Acierno Celestino Sardu Vincenzo Russo Erica Vetrano Caterina Conte Raffaele Marfella Luca Rinaldi Ferdinando Carlo Sasso |
| author_facet | Alfredo Caturano Maria Rocco Giuseppina Tagliaferri Alessia Piacevole Davide Nilo Giovanni Di Lorenzo Ilaria Iadicicco Mariarosaria Donnarumma Raffaele Galiero Carlo Acierno Celestino Sardu Vincenzo Russo Erica Vetrano Caterina Conte Raffaele Marfella Luca Rinaldi Ferdinando Carlo Sasso |
| author_sort | Alfredo Caturano |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. A central pathophysiological mechanism linking T2DM to cardiovascular complications is oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the body’s antioxidant defenses. Hyperglycemia in T2DM promotes oxidative stress through various pathways, including the formation of advanced glycation end products, the activation of protein kinase C, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the polyol pathway. These processes enhance ROS generation, leading to endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the exacerbation of cardiovascular damage. Additionally, oxidative stress disrupts nitric oxide signaling, impairing vasodilation and promoting vasoconstriction, which contributes to vascular complications. This review explores the molecular mechanisms by which oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in T2DM. It also examines the potential of lifestyle modifications, such as dietary changes and physical activity, in reducing oxidative stress and mitigating cardiovascular risks in this high-risk population. Understanding these mechanisms is critical for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to improve cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9c507c85d83c4bc6a734e42d2e64bb22 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj-art-9c507c85d83c4bc6a734e42d2e64bb222025-01-24T13:19:23ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212025-01-011417210.3390/antiox14010072Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Lifestyle ModificationsAlfredo Caturano0Maria Rocco1Giuseppina Tagliaferri2Alessia Piacevole3Davide Nilo4Giovanni Di Lorenzo5Ilaria Iadicicco6Mariarosaria Donnarumma7Raffaele Galiero8Carlo Acierno9Celestino Sardu10Vincenzo Russo11Erica Vetrano12Caterina Conte13Raffaele Marfella14Luca Rinaldi15Ferdinando Carlo Sasso16Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalyAzienda Ospedaliera Regionale San Carlo, 85100 Potenza, ItalyDepartment of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalySbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USADepartment of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, ItalyDepartment of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, ItalyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. A central pathophysiological mechanism linking T2DM to cardiovascular complications is oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the body’s antioxidant defenses. Hyperglycemia in T2DM promotes oxidative stress through various pathways, including the formation of advanced glycation end products, the activation of protein kinase C, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the polyol pathway. These processes enhance ROS generation, leading to endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the exacerbation of cardiovascular damage. Additionally, oxidative stress disrupts nitric oxide signaling, impairing vasodilation and promoting vasoconstriction, which contributes to vascular complications. This review explores the molecular mechanisms by which oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in T2DM. It also examines the potential of lifestyle modifications, such as dietary changes and physical activity, in reducing oxidative stress and mitigating cardiovascular risks in this high-risk population. Understanding these mechanisms is critical for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to improve cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/1/72oxidative stresstype 2 diabetes mellituscardiovascular complicationslifestyle interventionsMediterranean dietpathophysiology |
| spellingShingle | Alfredo Caturano Maria Rocco Giuseppina Tagliaferri Alessia Piacevole Davide Nilo Giovanni Di Lorenzo Ilaria Iadicicco Mariarosaria Donnarumma Raffaele Galiero Carlo Acierno Celestino Sardu Vincenzo Russo Erica Vetrano Caterina Conte Raffaele Marfella Luca Rinaldi Ferdinando Carlo Sasso Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Lifestyle Modifications Antioxidants oxidative stress type 2 diabetes mellitus cardiovascular complications lifestyle interventions Mediterranean diet pathophysiology |
| title | Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Lifestyle Modifications |
| title_full | Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Lifestyle Modifications |
| title_fullStr | Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Lifestyle Modifications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Lifestyle Modifications |
| title_short | Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Lifestyle Modifications |
| title_sort | oxidative stress and cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes from pathophysiology to lifestyle modifications |
| topic | oxidative stress type 2 diabetes mellitus cardiovascular complications lifestyle interventions Mediterranean diet pathophysiology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/1/72 |
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