Viral Infection: An Evolving Insight into the Signal Transduction Pathways Responsible for the Innate Immune Response
The innate immune response is initiated by the interaction of stereotypical pathogen components with genetically conserved receptors for extracytosolic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or intracytosolic nucleic acids. In multicellular organisms, this interaction typically clusters sign...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2012-01-01
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| Series: | Advances in Virology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/131457 |
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| author | Girish J. Kotwal Steven Hatch William L. Marshall |
| author_facet | Girish J. Kotwal Steven Hatch William L. Marshall |
| author_sort | Girish J. Kotwal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The innate immune response is initiated by the interaction of stereotypical pathogen components with genetically conserved receptors for extracytosolic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or intracytosolic nucleic acids. In multicellular organisms, this interaction typically clusters signal transduction molecules and leads to their activations, thereby initiating signals that activate innate immune effector mechanisms to protect the host. In some cases programmed cell death—a fundamental form of innate immunity—is initiated in response to genotoxic or biochemical stress that is associated with viral infection. In this paper we will summarize innate immune mechanisms that are relevant to viral pathogenesis and outline the continuing evolution of viral mechanisms that suppress the innate immunity in mammalian hosts. These mechanisms of viral innate immune evasion provide significant insight into the pathways of the antiviral innate immune response of many organisms. Examples of relevant mammalian innate immune defenses host defenses include signaling to interferon and cytokine response pathways as well as signaling to the inflammasome. Understanding which viral innate immune evasion mechanisms are linked to pathogenesis may translate into therapies and vaccines that are truly effective in eliminating the morbidity and mortality associated with viral infections in individuals. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9bccda4b5f734b2aa7f1dfe736b4f566 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1687-8639 1687-8647 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2012-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Advances in Virology |
| spelling | doaj-art-9bccda4b5f734b2aa7f1dfe736b4f5662025-08-20T02:18:27ZengWileyAdvances in Virology1687-86391687-86472012-01-01201210.1155/2012/131457131457Viral Infection: An Evolving Insight into the Signal Transduction Pathways Responsible for the Innate Immune ResponseGirish J. Kotwal0Steven Hatch1William L. Marshall2University of Medicine and Health Sciences, St. Kitts, New York, NY 10001, USADivision of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USADivision of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USAThe innate immune response is initiated by the interaction of stereotypical pathogen components with genetically conserved receptors for extracytosolic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or intracytosolic nucleic acids. In multicellular organisms, this interaction typically clusters signal transduction molecules and leads to their activations, thereby initiating signals that activate innate immune effector mechanisms to protect the host. In some cases programmed cell death—a fundamental form of innate immunity—is initiated in response to genotoxic or biochemical stress that is associated with viral infection. In this paper we will summarize innate immune mechanisms that are relevant to viral pathogenesis and outline the continuing evolution of viral mechanisms that suppress the innate immunity in mammalian hosts. These mechanisms of viral innate immune evasion provide significant insight into the pathways of the antiviral innate immune response of many organisms. Examples of relevant mammalian innate immune defenses host defenses include signaling to interferon and cytokine response pathways as well as signaling to the inflammasome. Understanding which viral innate immune evasion mechanisms are linked to pathogenesis may translate into therapies and vaccines that are truly effective in eliminating the morbidity and mortality associated with viral infections in individuals.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/131457 |
| spellingShingle | Girish J. Kotwal Steven Hatch William L. Marshall Viral Infection: An Evolving Insight into the Signal Transduction Pathways Responsible for the Innate Immune Response Advances in Virology |
| title | Viral Infection: An Evolving Insight into the Signal Transduction Pathways Responsible for the Innate Immune Response |
| title_full | Viral Infection: An Evolving Insight into the Signal Transduction Pathways Responsible for the Innate Immune Response |
| title_fullStr | Viral Infection: An Evolving Insight into the Signal Transduction Pathways Responsible for the Innate Immune Response |
| title_full_unstemmed | Viral Infection: An Evolving Insight into the Signal Transduction Pathways Responsible for the Innate Immune Response |
| title_short | Viral Infection: An Evolving Insight into the Signal Transduction Pathways Responsible for the Innate Immune Response |
| title_sort | viral infection an evolving insight into the signal transduction pathways responsible for the innate immune response |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/131457 |
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