Anise and Fennel Essential Oils and Their Combination as Natural and Safe Housefly Repellents
Essential oils (EOs) are effective repellents and eco-friendly alternatives. We tested single and combination EOs of fennel and anise for repellency and stability against houseflies. All treatments were stored at 27 °C for up to 360 days. Efficacies were compared against α-cypermethrin as a referenc...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| author | Hataichanok Passara Sirawut Sittichok Cheepchanok Puwanard Jirisuda Sinthusiri Tanapoom Moungthipmalai Kouhei Murata Mayura Soonwera |
| author_facet | Hataichanok Passara Sirawut Sittichok Cheepchanok Puwanard Jirisuda Sinthusiri Tanapoom Moungthipmalai Kouhei Murata Mayura Soonwera |
| author_sort | Hataichanok Passara |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Essential oils (EOs) are effective repellents and eco-friendly alternatives. We tested single and combination EOs of fennel and anise for repellency and stability against houseflies. All treatments were stored at 27 °C for up to 360 days. Efficacies were compared against α-cypermethrin as a reference. Safety bioassay used on two representative non-target species (guppies and earthworms) confirmed safety. The strongest repellency and stability, 100% repellency and RC<sub>50</sub> of 0.4 mL/m<sup>3</sup> on day 1, was achieved by a fennel + anise EO combination (1:1). After 360 days, these combinations remained effective (95% repellency), and RC<sub>50</sub> = 0.8 mL/m<sup>3</sup>. The EO combinations were more effective than all single EOs and α-cypermethrin at all times, showing strong synergy with a synergistic repellent index of 2.4 to 3.3. This fennel + anise EO combination was more than 24 times more effective as a repellent than α-cypermethrin. Morphological damage included damaged antennae with twisted flagella and abnormal aristae. All single and combination EOs were not toxic to the non-targets and could be considered safe, whereas α-cypermethrin was highly toxic to them. Thus, the fennel + anise EO combination has great potential to be developed as a safe, natural repellent for managing housefly populations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-99a209cdf3aa44cb92fbe204a9147082 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-4450 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj-art-99a209cdf3aa44cb92fbe204a91470822025-01-24T13:35:37ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502024-12-011612310.3390/insects16010023Anise and Fennel Essential Oils and Their Combination as Natural and Safe Housefly RepellentsHataichanok Passara0Sirawut Sittichok1Cheepchanok Puwanard2Jirisuda Sinthusiri3Tanapoom Moungthipmalai4Kouhei Murata5Mayura Soonwera6Office of Administrative Interdisciplinary Program on Agricultural Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, ThailandSchool of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Nonthaburi 11120, ThailandOffice of Administrative Interdisciplinary Program on Agricultural Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, ThailandCommunity Public Health Program, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University, Samut Prakan 10540, ThailandDepartment of Plant Production Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, ThailandSchool of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 862-8652, JapanOffice of Administrative Interdisciplinary Program on Agricultural Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, ThailandEssential oils (EOs) are effective repellents and eco-friendly alternatives. We tested single and combination EOs of fennel and anise for repellency and stability against houseflies. All treatments were stored at 27 °C for up to 360 days. Efficacies were compared against α-cypermethrin as a reference. Safety bioassay used on two representative non-target species (guppies and earthworms) confirmed safety. The strongest repellency and stability, 100% repellency and RC<sub>50</sub> of 0.4 mL/m<sup>3</sup> on day 1, was achieved by a fennel + anise EO combination (1:1). After 360 days, these combinations remained effective (95% repellency), and RC<sub>50</sub> = 0.8 mL/m<sup>3</sup>. The EO combinations were more effective than all single EOs and α-cypermethrin at all times, showing strong synergy with a synergistic repellent index of 2.4 to 3.3. This fennel + anise EO combination was more than 24 times more effective as a repellent than α-cypermethrin. Morphological damage included damaged antennae with twisted flagella and abnormal aristae. All single and combination EOs were not toxic to the non-targets and could be considered safe, whereas α-cypermethrin was highly toxic to them. Thus, the fennel + anise EO combination has great potential to be developed as a safe, natural repellent for managing housefly populations.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/1/23houseflyrepellentfennel essential oilanise essential oilsynergistic effectnon-target species |
| spellingShingle | Hataichanok Passara Sirawut Sittichok Cheepchanok Puwanard Jirisuda Sinthusiri Tanapoom Moungthipmalai Kouhei Murata Mayura Soonwera Anise and Fennel Essential Oils and Their Combination as Natural and Safe Housefly Repellents Insects housefly repellent fennel essential oil anise essential oil synergistic effect non-target species |
| title | Anise and Fennel Essential Oils and Their Combination as Natural and Safe Housefly Repellents |
| title_full | Anise and Fennel Essential Oils and Their Combination as Natural and Safe Housefly Repellents |
| title_fullStr | Anise and Fennel Essential Oils and Their Combination as Natural and Safe Housefly Repellents |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anise and Fennel Essential Oils and Their Combination as Natural and Safe Housefly Repellents |
| title_short | Anise and Fennel Essential Oils and Their Combination as Natural and Safe Housefly Repellents |
| title_sort | anise and fennel essential oils and their combination as natural and safe housefly repellents |
| topic | housefly repellent fennel essential oil anise essential oil synergistic effect non-target species |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/1/23 |
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