Novel organophosphate esters and their transformation products in offshore sediment from Eastern China: Occurrence, temporal trend, and risk assessment
Offshore sediment serves as an important sink for traditional organophosphate esters (TOPEs) originating from terrestrial sources. However, the contamination characteristics of novel OPEs (NOPEs) and their hydrolyzed and hydroxylated transformation products (Di- and OH-OPEs) in marine sediment are s...
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Elsevier
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Environment International |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041202400792X |
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| author | Meng Gao Yu Wang Liman Wei Siyuan Li Qiuyue Zhang Zhongkang Yang Mohan Bai Yiming Yao Lei Wang Hongwen Sun |
| author_facet | Meng Gao Yu Wang Liman Wei Siyuan Li Qiuyue Zhang Zhongkang Yang Mohan Bai Yiming Yao Lei Wang Hongwen Sun |
| author_sort | Meng Gao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Offshore sediment serves as an important sink for traditional organophosphate esters (TOPEs) originating from terrestrial sources. However, the contamination characteristics of novel OPEs (NOPEs) and their hydrolyzed and hydroxylated transformation products (Di- and OH-OPEs) in marine sediment are still unknown. In this study, 34 OPE-associated contaminants were measured in six offshore sediment cores (71 samples) collected from Eastern China. The total concentrations of Σ15TOPEs, Σ3NOPEs, Σ9Di-OPEs, and Σ7OH-OPEs in surface sediments were 3.16–73.4, n.d.–16.3, 4.48–21.4, and 0.14–0.42 ng g−1, respectively. NOPE compounds, such as tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate and its diester product, exhibited high contamination levels, primarily due to their high hydrophobicity and extensive industrial applications. Additionally, atmospheric transportation, along with wet and dry deposition and ocean currents, plays a crucial role in their distribution in offshore sediment. The location conditions and historical usage also influenced the vertical distributions of OPE-associated contaminants in sediment cores. Notably, a concentration peak of bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (B2,4DtBPP) was dating back to 1940s, indicating the early usage of antioxidant tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite. Furthermore, a risk quotient (RQ) model was employed to assess the ecological risks posed by OPEs. Generally, the acute toxicity-based predicted no-effect concentrations for studied compounds were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than those based on chronic toxicity. NOPEs and B2,4DtBPP exhibited high ecological risks, with maximum RQ values of 1570–4877 based on acute toxicity and 93.4–197 based on chronic toxicity. Notably, ΣRQ values for NOPEs were significantly higher than those of TOPEs (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.001), indicating their severe ecological risks in offshore sediment. Therefore, given the continuous input and considerable persistence of NOPEs in offshore sediment, their toxic effects and mechanisms warrant thorough investigation. This study provides the first evidence for the occurrence, temporal trends, and potential risks of NOPEs in marine sediment environment. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-99487ea3e89f4c13bd485104f36f4f66 |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Environment International |
| spelling | doaj-art-99487ea3e89f4c13bd485104f36f4f662025-01-24T04:44:03ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202025-01-01195109205Novel organophosphate esters and their transformation products in offshore sediment from Eastern China: Occurrence, temporal trend, and risk assessmentMeng Gao0Yu Wang1Liman Wei2Siyuan Li3Qiuyue Zhang4Zhongkang Yang5Mohan Bai6Yiming Yao7Lei Wang8Hongwen Sun9MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Corresponding authors at: Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China.MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, ChinaAgro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; Corresponding authors at: Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China.MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, ChinaOffshore sediment serves as an important sink for traditional organophosphate esters (TOPEs) originating from terrestrial sources. However, the contamination characteristics of novel OPEs (NOPEs) and their hydrolyzed and hydroxylated transformation products (Di- and OH-OPEs) in marine sediment are still unknown. In this study, 34 OPE-associated contaminants were measured in six offshore sediment cores (71 samples) collected from Eastern China. The total concentrations of Σ15TOPEs, Σ3NOPEs, Σ9Di-OPEs, and Σ7OH-OPEs in surface sediments were 3.16–73.4, n.d.–16.3, 4.48–21.4, and 0.14–0.42 ng g−1, respectively. NOPE compounds, such as tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate and its diester product, exhibited high contamination levels, primarily due to their high hydrophobicity and extensive industrial applications. Additionally, atmospheric transportation, along with wet and dry deposition and ocean currents, plays a crucial role in their distribution in offshore sediment. The location conditions and historical usage also influenced the vertical distributions of OPE-associated contaminants in sediment cores. Notably, a concentration peak of bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (B2,4DtBPP) was dating back to 1940s, indicating the early usage of antioxidant tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite. Furthermore, a risk quotient (RQ) model was employed to assess the ecological risks posed by OPEs. Generally, the acute toxicity-based predicted no-effect concentrations for studied compounds were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than those based on chronic toxicity. NOPEs and B2,4DtBPP exhibited high ecological risks, with maximum RQ values of 1570–4877 based on acute toxicity and 93.4–197 based on chronic toxicity. Notably, ΣRQ values for NOPEs were significantly higher than those of TOPEs (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.001), indicating their severe ecological risks in offshore sediment. Therefore, given the continuous input and considerable persistence of NOPEs in offshore sediment, their toxic effects and mechanisms warrant thorough investigation. This study provides the first evidence for the occurrence, temporal trends, and potential risks of NOPEs in marine sediment environment.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041202400792XNOPEsSediment coreVertical distributionTemporal trendEcological risks |
| spellingShingle | Meng Gao Yu Wang Liman Wei Siyuan Li Qiuyue Zhang Zhongkang Yang Mohan Bai Yiming Yao Lei Wang Hongwen Sun Novel organophosphate esters and their transformation products in offshore sediment from Eastern China: Occurrence, temporal trend, and risk assessment Environment International NOPEs Sediment core Vertical distribution Temporal trend Ecological risks |
| title | Novel organophosphate esters and their transformation products in offshore sediment from Eastern China: Occurrence, temporal trend, and risk assessment |
| title_full | Novel organophosphate esters and their transformation products in offshore sediment from Eastern China: Occurrence, temporal trend, and risk assessment |
| title_fullStr | Novel organophosphate esters and their transformation products in offshore sediment from Eastern China: Occurrence, temporal trend, and risk assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Novel organophosphate esters and their transformation products in offshore sediment from Eastern China: Occurrence, temporal trend, and risk assessment |
| title_short | Novel organophosphate esters and their transformation products in offshore sediment from Eastern China: Occurrence, temporal trend, and risk assessment |
| title_sort | novel organophosphate esters and their transformation products in offshore sediment from eastern china occurrence temporal trend and risk assessment |
| topic | NOPEs Sediment core Vertical distribution Temporal trend Ecological risks |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041202400792X |
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