Cross-validation of the safe supplement screener (S3) predicting consistent third-party-tested nutritional supplement use in NCAA Division I athletes
IntroductionThis cross-sectional study aimed to cross-validate an earlier developed algorithm-based screener and explore additional potential predictors for whether athletes will use third-party-tested (TPT) supplements.MethodsTo justify the initial model behind the supplement safety screener (S3) a...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1519544/full |
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| author | Kinta D. Schott Avaani Bhalla Emma Armstrong Ryan G. N. Seltzer Floris C. Wardenaar |
| author_facet | Kinta D. Schott Avaani Bhalla Emma Armstrong Ryan G. N. Seltzer Floris C. Wardenaar |
| author_sort | Kinta D. Schott |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionThis cross-sectional study aimed to cross-validate an earlier developed algorithm-based screener and explore additional potential predictors for whether athletes will use third-party-tested (TPT) supplements.MethodsTo justify the initial model behind the supplement safety screener (S3) algorithm which predicts whether athletes will use TPT supplements, a cross-validation was performed using this independent dataset based on responses of a large group of collegiate NCAA DI athletes. Additionally, explorative modeling using stepwise logistic regression was used to identify new predictors for TPT supplement use to create and evaluate a new model for future use.ResultsThe S3 algorithm was applied to the responses from n = 662 athletes using supplements (age: 20 ± 1.5 years, 50% female, from >24 sports) confirming that the algorithm identifies consistent and inconsistent TPT users (χ2 (1) = 15.95, p < 0.001), with a moderate area under the curve (AUC, 0.67) and a moderate specificity (68%), but low sensitivity (51%). Explorative modeling identified two new variables: TPT logo recognition, and having at least one name, image, likeness (NIL) deal that may help to predict TPT supplement use.DiscussionStrong relationships between risk groupings and product use outcomes toward TPT supplement use were identified for the athletes screened. The S3 screener showed high sensitivity for identifying student-athletes inconsistently using TPT supplements, but a low specificity, lacking the ability to place less risky athletes into low-risk quadrants. The exploratory modeling, identifying TPT logo recognition and having a NIL deal, further strengthens our knowledge on predictors for consistent TPT supplement use. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-98cbce70bd004ddd9b7d0e8159cdf7b3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2296-861X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj-art-98cbce70bd004ddd9b7d0e8159cdf7b32025-01-21T16:37:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2025-01-011110.3389/fnut.2024.15195441519544Cross-validation of the safe supplement screener (S3) predicting consistent third-party-tested nutritional supplement use in NCAA Division I athletesKinta D. SchottAvaani BhallaEmma ArmstrongRyan G. N. SeltzerFloris C. WardenaarIntroductionThis cross-sectional study aimed to cross-validate an earlier developed algorithm-based screener and explore additional potential predictors for whether athletes will use third-party-tested (TPT) supplements.MethodsTo justify the initial model behind the supplement safety screener (S3) algorithm which predicts whether athletes will use TPT supplements, a cross-validation was performed using this independent dataset based on responses of a large group of collegiate NCAA DI athletes. Additionally, explorative modeling using stepwise logistic regression was used to identify new predictors for TPT supplement use to create and evaluate a new model for future use.ResultsThe S3 algorithm was applied to the responses from n = 662 athletes using supplements (age: 20 ± 1.5 years, 50% female, from >24 sports) confirming that the algorithm identifies consistent and inconsistent TPT users (χ2 (1) = 15.95, p < 0.001), with a moderate area under the curve (AUC, 0.67) and a moderate specificity (68%), but low sensitivity (51%). Explorative modeling identified two new variables: TPT logo recognition, and having at least one name, image, likeness (NIL) deal that may help to predict TPT supplement use.DiscussionStrong relationships between risk groupings and product use outcomes toward TPT supplement use were identified for the athletes screened. The S3 screener showed high sensitivity for identifying student-athletes inconsistently using TPT supplements, but a low specificity, lacking the ability to place less risky athletes into low-risk quadrants. The exploratory modeling, identifying TPT logo recognition and having a NIL deal, further strengthens our knowledge on predictors for consistent TPT supplement use.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1519544/fullbatch testingdietary supplementssport foodsergogenic aidsdoping |
| spellingShingle | Kinta D. Schott Avaani Bhalla Emma Armstrong Ryan G. N. Seltzer Floris C. Wardenaar Cross-validation of the safe supplement screener (S3) predicting consistent third-party-tested nutritional supplement use in NCAA Division I athletes Frontiers in Nutrition batch testing dietary supplements sport foods ergogenic aids doping |
| title | Cross-validation of the safe supplement screener (S3) predicting consistent third-party-tested nutritional supplement use in NCAA Division I athletes |
| title_full | Cross-validation of the safe supplement screener (S3) predicting consistent third-party-tested nutritional supplement use in NCAA Division I athletes |
| title_fullStr | Cross-validation of the safe supplement screener (S3) predicting consistent third-party-tested nutritional supplement use in NCAA Division I athletes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cross-validation of the safe supplement screener (S3) predicting consistent third-party-tested nutritional supplement use in NCAA Division I athletes |
| title_short | Cross-validation of the safe supplement screener (S3) predicting consistent third-party-tested nutritional supplement use in NCAA Division I athletes |
| title_sort | cross validation of the safe supplement screener s3 predicting consistent third party tested nutritional supplement use in ncaa division i athletes |
| topic | batch testing dietary supplements sport foods ergogenic aids doping |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1519544/full |
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