Application of generalized additive models to explore minerals in sheep milk
ABSTRACT: This study explores the complex relationships among ovine milk minerals (Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, K, Cl, respectively) and different factors employing generalized additive mixed models (GAMM). The GAMM included milk yield (MY), parity, and breed as parametric terms, and casein, fat, lactose, pH,...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025-06-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Dairy Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030225002504 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849716257451933696 |
|---|---|
| author | Stefano Biffani Michela Ablondi Claudio Cipolat-Gotet Andrea Summer Elena Mariani Johanna Ramírez-Díaz Alessio Negro Alessandro Lotto Giorgia Stocco |
| author_facet | Stefano Biffani Michela Ablondi Claudio Cipolat-Gotet Andrea Summer Elena Mariani Johanna Ramírez-Díaz Alessio Negro Alessandro Lotto Giorgia Stocco |
| author_sort | Stefano Biffani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT: This study explores the complex relationships among ovine milk minerals (Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, K, Cl, respectively) and different factors employing generalized additive mixed models (GAMM). The GAMM included milk yield (MY), parity, and breed as parametric terms, and casein, fat, lactose, pH, SCS, DIM, and sampling day as smooth functions. The objectives were to investigate how these factors could affect minerals in sheep milk and to assess whether their patterns change over time and across different concentrations of major milk components. The GAMM identified distinct patterns in the mineral concentrations between Comisana and Massese breeds, with the Massese ewes having less P, Mg, K, and Cl compared with the Comisana. Moreover, these minerals were also affected by DIM; Mg, S, and Cl were influenced by parity; and P, K, and Na changed across MY levels. Regarding milk components, all the minerals were affected by casein, fat, and lactose concentrations (excluding P for fat). Milk pH was important for Ca, K, Na, and Cl, whereas SCS affected the variability of all minerals except Ca. This study provided valuable insights on the variability of macrominerals in sheep milk, by using GAMM and examining the trajectory of each element across factors as breed, MY, parity, and DIM, as well as across various concentrations of major milk components and their interactions. The dynamic nature of milk mineral content was evident through temporal variability, likely driven by dietary changes, environmental fluctuations, and physiological adaptations, as well as synergistic and antagonistic interactions between milk components and fixed factors. These findings enhance understanding of mineral composition in sheep milk, providing a comprehensive framework for future research on milk quality, animal health, and cheesemaking properties. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-96c3e6f9c2af462e901b2085065afad9 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 0022-0302 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Dairy Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-96c3e6f9c2af462e901b2085065afad92025-08-20T03:13:04ZengElsevierJournal of Dairy Science0022-03022025-06-0110865641565710.3168/jds.2025-26340Application of generalized additive models to explore minerals in sheep milkStefano Biffani0Michela Ablondi1Claudio Cipolat-Gotet2Andrea Summer3Elena Mariani4Johanna Ramírez-Díaz5Alessio Negro6Alessandro Lotto7Giorgia Stocco8Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 20133 Milano, Italy; Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; Corresponding authorDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, ItalyInstitute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 20133 Milano, ItalyUfficio Studi, Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, 00184 Rome, Italy; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DISAA), University of Milan, 20133 Milano, ItalyNutristar S.P.A., 42122 Reggio-Emilia, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, ItalyABSTRACT: This study explores the complex relationships among ovine milk minerals (Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, K, Cl, respectively) and different factors employing generalized additive mixed models (GAMM). The GAMM included milk yield (MY), parity, and breed as parametric terms, and casein, fat, lactose, pH, SCS, DIM, and sampling day as smooth functions. The objectives were to investigate how these factors could affect minerals in sheep milk and to assess whether their patterns change over time and across different concentrations of major milk components. The GAMM identified distinct patterns in the mineral concentrations between Comisana and Massese breeds, with the Massese ewes having less P, Mg, K, and Cl compared with the Comisana. Moreover, these minerals were also affected by DIM; Mg, S, and Cl were influenced by parity; and P, K, and Na changed across MY levels. Regarding milk components, all the minerals were affected by casein, fat, and lactose concentrations (excluding P for fat). Milk pH was important for Ca, K, Na, and Cl, whereas SCS affected the variability of all minerals except Ca. This study provided valuable insights on the variability of macrominerals in sheep milk, by using GAMM and examining the trajectory of each element across factors as breed, MY, parity, and DIM, as well as across various concentrations of major milk components and their interactions. The dynamic nature of milk mineral content was evident through temporal variability, likely driven by dietary changes, environmental fluctuations, and physiological adaptations, as well as synergistic and antagonistic interactions between milk components and fixed factors. These findings enhance understanding of mineral composition in sheep milk, providing a comprehensive framework for future research on milk quality, animal health, and cheesemaking properties.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030225002504mineral variationovine milksmooth functionsComisanaMassese |
| spellingShingle | Stefano Biffani Michela Ablondi Claudio Cipolat-Gotet Andrea Summer Elena Mariani Johanna Ramírez-Díaz Alessio Negro Alessandro Lotto Giorgia Stocco Application of generalized additive models to explore minerals in sheep milk Journal of Dairy Science mineral variation ovine milk smooth functions Comisana Massese |
| title | Application of generalized additive models to explore minerals in sheep milk |
| title_full | Application of generalized additive models to explore minerals in sheep milk |
| title_fullStr | Application of generalized additive models to explore minerals in sheep milk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Application of generalized additive models to explore minerals in sheep milk |
| title_short | Application of generalized additive models to explore minerals in sheep milk |
| title_sort | application of generalized additive models to explore minerals in sheep milk |
| topic | mineral variation ovine milk smooth functions Comisana Massese |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030225002504 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stefanobiffani applicationofgeneralizedadditivemodelstoexploremineralsinsheepmilk AT michelaablondi applicationofgeneralizedadditivemodelstoexploremineralsinsheepmilk AT claudiocipolatgotet applicationofgeneralizedadditivemodelstoexploremineralsinsheepmilk AT andreasummer applicationofgeneralizedadditivemodelstoexploremineralsinsheepmilk AT elenamariani applicationofgeneralizedadditivemodelstoexploremineralsinsheepmilk AT johannaramirezdiaz applicationofgeneralizedadditivemodelstoexploremineralsinsheepmilk AT alessionegro applicationofgeneralizedadditivemodelstoexploremineralsinsheepmilk AT alessandrolotto applicationofgeneralizedadditivemodelstoexploremineralsinsheepmilk AT giorgiastocco applicationofgeneralizedadditivemodelstoexploremineralsinsheepmilk |