Affective polarization in a word: Open-ended and self-coded evaluations of partisan affect.

The literature finds that partisanship drives negative emotional evaluations of out-partisans. Yet, scholars base these insights on measures-like thermometers, candidate evaluations, and social-distance measures-that discount the sentiment attached to individuals' negative attitudes. We introdu...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Spencer Kiesel, Sharif Amlani
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2025-01-01
Series:PLoS ONE
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310772
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