Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233

The addition of acetic acid to <i>Monascus ruber</i> cultures is usually used to inhibit the growth of heterotrophic bacteria; however, we found that acetic acid also promotes the growth of <i>M. ruber</i> CICC41233, as well as the synthesis of <i>Monascus</i> pig...

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Main Authors: Yan Wang, Weiwei Wu, Xiaoshu Wu, Weiyu Li, Jingjing Cui, Chuannan Long
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Journal of Fungi
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/1/49
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author Yan Wang
Weiwei Wu
Xiaoshu Wu
Weiyu Li
Jingjing Cui
Chuannan Long
author_facet Yan Wang
Weiwei Wu
Xiaoshu Wu
Weiyu Li
Jingjing Cui
Chuannan Long
author_sort Yan Wang
collection DOAJ
description The addition of acetic acid to <i>Monascus ruber</i> cultures is usually used to inhibit the growth of heterotrophic bacteria; however, we found that acetic acid also promotes the growth of <i>M. ruber</i> CICC41233, as well as the synthesis of <i>Monascus</i> pigments (MPs). Compared with no acetic acid or HCl addition, the diameter of <i>M. ruber</i> CICC41233 colonies increased significantly under acetic acid conditions. On the sixth day of fermentation, the yield of total pigments in <i>M. ruber</i> increased significantly by 9.97 times (compared with no acetic acid) and 13.9 times (compared with hydrochloric acid). The transcriptomics data showed that the differentially expressed genes between <i>M. ruber</i> with acetic acid and without acetic acid were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, and that these differentially expressed genes were not involved in amino acid metabolism. Gene expression analysis showed that the relative expression levels of MP synthesis genes (<i>MpPKS5</i>, <i>MppA</i>, <i>MpFasB</i>, <i>MppB</i>, <i>MppD</i>, and <i>MppR2</i>) were significantly up-regulated under acetic acid conditions. This study clarified the metabolic mechanism of acetic acid promoting the growth of <i>M. ruber</i> and the synthesis of MPs, which provided some theoretical guidance for the large-scale production of MPs in the industry in future.
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spelling doaj-art-959cb20506294b75bd098bae915d19ad2025-01-24T13:37:21ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2025-01-011114910.3390/jof11010049Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233Yan Wang0Weiwei Wu1Xiaoshu Wu2Weiyu Li3Jingjing Cui4Chuannan Long5School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, ChinaJiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, ChinaThe addition of acetic acid to <i>Monascus ruber</i> cultures is usually used to inhibit the growth of heterotrophic bacteria; however, we found that acetic acid also promotes the growth of <i>M. ruber</i> CICC41233, as well as the synthesis of <i>Monascus</i> pigments (MPs). Compared with no acetic acid or HCl addition, the diameter of <i>M. ruber</i> CICC41233 colonies increased significantly under acetic acid conditions. On the sixth day of fermentation, the yield of total pigments in <i>M. ruber</i> increased significantly by 9.97 times (compared with no acetic acid) and 13.9 times (compared with hydrochloric acid). The transcriptomics data showed that the differentially expressed genes between <i>M. ruber</i> with acetic acid and without acetic acid were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, and that these differentially expressed genes were not involved in amino acid metabolism. Gene expression analysis showed that the relative expression levels of MP synthesis genes (<i>MpPKS5</i>, <i>MppA</i>, <i>MpFasB</i>, <i>MppB</i>, <i>MppD</i>, and <i>MppR2</i>) were significantly up-regulated under acetic acid conditions. This study clarified the metabolic mechanism of acetic acid promoting the growth of <i>M. ruber</i> and the synthesis of MPs, which provided some theoretical guidance for the large-scale production of MPs in the industry in future.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/1/49<i>Monascus ruber</i><i>Monascus</i> pigmentsacetic acidtranscriptome analysis
spellingShingle Yan Wang
Weiwei Wu
Xiaoshu Wu
Weiyu Li
Jingjing Cui
Chuannan Long
Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233
Journal of Fungi
<i>Monascus ruber</i>
<i>Monascus</i> pigments
acetic acid
transcriptome analysis
title Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233
title_full Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233
title_fullStr Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233
title_full_unstemmed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233
title_short Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233
title_sort transcriptome analysis revealed the molecular mechanism of acetic acid increasing i monascus i pigment production in i monascus ruber i cicc41233
topic <i>Monascus ruber</i>
<i>Monascus</i> pigments
acetic acid
transcriptome analysis
url https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/1/49
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