Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233
The addition of acetic acid to <i>Monascus ruber</i> cultures is usually used to inhibit the growth of heterotrophic bacteria; however, we found that acetic acid also promotes the growth of <i>M. ruber</i> CICC41233, as well as the synthesis of <i>Monascus</i> pig...
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2025-01-01
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author | Yan Wang Weiwei Wu Xiaoshu Wu Weiyu Li Jingjing Cui Chuannan Long |
author_facet | Yan Wang Weiwei Wu Xiaoshu Wu Weiyu Li Jingjing Cui Chuannan Long |
author_sort | Yan Wang |
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description | The addition of acetic acid to <i>Monascus ruber</i> cultures is usually used to inhibit the growth of heterotrophic bacteria; however, we found that acetic acid also promotes the growth of <i>M. ruber</i> CICC41233, as well as the synthesis of <i>Monascus</i> pigments (MPs). Compared with no acetic acid or HCl addition, the diameter of <i>M. ruber</i> CICC41233 colonies increased significantly under acetic acid conditions. On the sixth day of fermentation, the yield of total pigments in <i>M. ruber</i> increased significantly by 9.97 times (compared with no acetic acid) and 13.9 times (compared with hydrochloric acid). The transcriptomics data showed that the differentially expressed genes between <i>M. ruber</i> with acetic acid and without acetic acid were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, and that these differentially expressed genes were not involved in amino acid metabolism. Gene expression analysis showed that the relative expression levels of MP synthesis genes (<i>MpPKS5</i>, <i>MppA</i>, <i>MpFasB</i>, <i>MppB</i>, <i>MppD</i>, and <i>MppR2</i>) were significantly up-regulated under acetic acid conditions. This study clarified the metabolic mechanism of acetic acid promoting the growth of <i>M. ruber</i> and the synthesis of MPs, which provided some theoretical guidance for the large-scale production of MPs in the industry in future. |
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spelling | doaj-art-959cb20506294b75bd098bae915d19ad2025-01-24T13:37:21ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2025-01-011114910.3390/jof11010049Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233Yan Wang0Weiwei Wu1Xiaoshu Wu2Weiyu Li3Jingjing Cui4Chuannan Long5School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, ChinaJiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, ChinaThe addition of acetic acid to <i>Monascus ruber</i> cultures is usually used to inhibit the growth of heterotrophic bacteria; however, we found that acetic acid also promotes the growth of <i>M. ruber</i> CICC41233, as well as the synthesis of <i>Monascus</i> pigments (MPs). Compared with no acetic acid or HCl addition, the diameter of <i>M. ruber</i> CICC41233 colonies increased significantly under acetic acid conditions. On the sixth day of fermentation, the yield of total pigments in <i>M. ruber</i> increased significantly by 9.97 times (compared with no acetic acid) and 13.9 times (compared with hydrochloric acid). The transcriptomics data showed that the differentially expressed genes between <i>M. ruber</i> with acetic acid and without acetic acid were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, and that these differentially expressed genes were not involved in amino acid metabolism. Gene expression analysis showed that the relative expression levels of MP synthesis genes (<i>MpPKS5</i>, <i>MppA</i>, <i>MpFasB</i>, <i>MppB</i>, <i>MppD</i>, and <i>MppR2</i>) were significantly up-regulated under acetic acid conditions. This study clarified the metabolic mechanism of acetic acid promoting the growth of <i>M. ruber</i> and the synthesis of MPs, which provided some theoretical guidance for the large-scale production of MPs in the industry in future.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/1/49<i>Monascus ruber</i><i>Monascus</i> pigmentsacetic acidtranscriptome analysis |
spellingShingle | Yan Wang Weiwei Wu Xiaoshu Wu Weiyu Li Jingjing Cui Chuannan Long Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233 Journal of Fungi <i>Monascus ruber</i> <i>Monascus</i> pigments acetic acid transcriptome analysis |
title | Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233 |
title_full | Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233 |
title_fullStr | Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233 |
title_full_unstemmed | Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233 |
title_short | Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing <i>Monascus</i> Pigment Production in <i>Monascus ruber</i> CICC41233 |
title_sort | transcriptome analysis revealed the molecular mechanism of acetic acid increasing i monascus i pigment production in i monascus ruber i cicc41233 |
topic | <i>Monascus ruber</i> <i>Monascus</i> pigments acetic acid transcriptome analysis |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/1/49 |
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