Circadian Variation of Zinc, Copper, Selenium, and Bromine in Human Milk
Introduction: Human milk undergoes dynamic modifications throughout lactation to optimally meet the dietary and immunological requirements of the growing infant, with variations of its composition also occurring throughout the day. Circadian variation in some bioactive components helps the developm...
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IIUM Press, International Islamic University Malaysia
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Pharmacy |
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| Online Access: | https://journals.iium.edu.my/ktn/index.php/jp/article/view/355 |
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| author | Nor Hidayah Mohd Taufek Hana’ Nahlaa Hafiz Majdi Aina Zafirah Azhar Abdul Rahman Fata Nahas Awis Sukarni Mohmad Sabere Joseph Bidai |
| author_facet | Nor Hidayah Mohd Taufek Hana’ Nahlaa Hafiz Majdi Aina Zafirah Azhar Abdul Rahman Fata Nahas Awis Sukarni Mohmad Sabere Joseph Bidai |
| author_sort | Nor Hidayah Mohd Taufek |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Introduction: Human milk undergoes dynamic modifications throughout lactation to optimally meet the dietary and immunological requirements of the growing infant, with variations of its composition also occurring throughout the day. Circadian variation in some bioactive components helps the development of the biological clock by passing on chronobiological information from mother to infant. This study aimed to identify the circadian variation of zinc, copper, selenium, and bromine in human milk during the postpartum period. Methods: Human milk samples were collected from a postpartum mother who was taking zinc and copper supplements. Milk samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Data on zinc, copper, selenium, and bromine concentrations were analysed using Microsoft Excel 2021 and reported descriptively to determine circadian variation. Results: The concentration of all four trace elements declined throughout the six months postpartum period with consistent fluctuations for bromine. Zinc, copper, and bromine possess the most similar circadian variation throughout the day with a ‘V’ shaped pattern, but selenium showed inconsistent circadian pattern over the first six months postpartum. The ‘V’ shaped pattern generally disappeared in the fourth, fifth, and sixth months. Conclusion: Circadian rhythms for zinc, copper, selenium, and bromine varied during the first six months postpartum. This may indicate a functional circadian clock regulating infants’ biological development. Future studies should explore the factors influencing the development of fully functional circadian rhythmicity in infants.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9336bb0cedb243909610e02fb9c2e6ff |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2773-5664 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IIUM Press, International Islamic University Malaysia |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Pharmacy |
| spelling | doaj-art-9336bb0cedb243909610e02fb9c2e6ff2025-01-31T01:08:55ZengIIUM Press, International Islamic University MalaysiaJournal of Pharmacy2773-56642025-01-015110.31436/jop.v5i1.355Circadian Variation of Zinc, Copper, Selenium, and Bromine in Human Milk Nor Hidayah Mohd Taufek0Hana’ Nahlaa Hafiz Majdi1Aina Zafirah Azhar2Abdul Rahman Fata Nahas3Awis Sukarni Mohmad Sabere4Joseph Bidai5Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, MalaysiaDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, MalaysiaSouth China Sea Repository & Reference Center, Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. Introduction: Human milk undergoes dynamic modifications throughout lactation to optimally meet the dietary and immunological requirements of the growing infant, with variations of its composition also occurring throughout the day. Circadian variation in some bioactive components helps the development of the biological clock by passing on chronobiological information from mother to infant. This study aimed to identify the circadian variation of zinc, copper, selenium, and bromine in human milk during the postpartum period. Methods: Human milk samples were collected from a postpartum mother who was taking zinc and copper supplements. Milk samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Data on zinc, copper, selenium, and bromine concentrations were analysed using Microsoft Excel 2021 and reported descriptively to determine circadian variation. Results: The concentration of all four trace elements declined throughout the six months postpartum period with consistent fluctuations for bromine. Zinc, copper, and bromine possess the most similar circadian variation throughout the day with a ‘V’ shaped pattern, but selenium showed inconsistent circadian pattern over the first six months postpartum. The ‘V’ shaped pattern generally disappeared in the fourth, fifth, and sixth months. Conclusion: Circadian rhythms for zinc, copper, selenium, and bromine varied during the first six months postpartum. This may indicate a functional circadian clock regulating infants’ biological development. Future studies should explore the factors influencing the development of fully functional circadian rhythmicity in infants. https://journals.iium.edu.my/ktn/index.php/jp/article/view/355ZincCopperSeleniumBromineCircadian variation |
| spellingShingle | Nor Hidayah Mohd Taufek Hana’ Nahlaa Hafiz Majdi Aina Zafirah Azhar Abdul Rahman Fata Nahas Awis Sukarni Mohmad Sabere Joseph Bidai Circadian Variation of Zinc, Copper, Selenium, and Bromine in Human Milk Journal of Pharmacy Zinc Copper Selenium Bromine Circadian variation |
| title | Circadian Variation of Zinc, Copper, Selenium, and Bromine in Human Milk |
| title_full | Circadian Variation of Zinc, Copper, Selenium, and Bromine in Human Milk |
| title_fullStr | Circadian Variation of Zinc, Copper, Selenium, and Bromine in Human Milk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Circadian Variation of Zinc, Copper, Selenium, and Bromine in Human Milk |
| title_short | Circadian Variation of Zinc, Copper, Selenium, and Bromine in Human Milk |
| title_sort | circadian variation of zinc copper selenium and bromine in human milk |
| topic | Zinc Copper Selenium Bromine Circadian variation |
| url | https://journals.iium.edu.my/ktn/index.php/jp/article/view/355 |
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