Lithium recovery from mixed spent LFP-NMC batteries through atmospheric water leaching
Abstract Selective lithium recovery from a mixture of LFP-NMC spent lithium batteries presents significant challenges due to differing structures and elemental compositions of the batteries. These differences necessitate a distinct recycling pathway for each, complicating the process for the mixture...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86542-6 |
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| author | Indra Perdana Doni Riski Aprilianto Farika Asna Fadillah Riskal Fadli Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus Widi Astuti Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun Hanida Nilasary Haryo Satriya Oktaviano Ferry Fathoni Edo Raihan Soraya Ulfa Muzayanha |
| author_facet | Indra Perdana Doni Riski Aprilianto Farika Asna Fadillah Riskal Fadli Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus Widi Astuti Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun Hanida Nilasary Haryo Satriya Oktaviano Ferry Fathoni Edo Raihan Soraya Ulfa Muzayanha |
| author_sort | Indra Perdana |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Selective lithium recovery from a mixture of LFP-NMC spent lithium batteries presents significant challenges due to differing structures and elemental compositions of the batteries. These differences necessitate a distinct recycling pathway for each, complicating the process for the mixture. This study explored a carbothermal reduction approach combined with water leaching under atmospheric conditions to achieve a selective lithium recovery. For individual NMC black mass, at the optimal carbothermal conditions (950 °C, 15 °C/min, 2 h), lithium recovery of 95.7 ± 0.31% with 100% selectivity could be achieved. However, when the black mass was mixed with that of LFP in a 50:50 ratio, the recovery dropped to 9.78 ± 0.44%. Solid-state reactions during carbothermal process resulted in the formation of highly insoluble Li3PO4, and Fe-Ni-Co/Ni-Co alloys, which hinder lithium dissolution. To address these challenges, Na2CO3 was introduced as an additive to suppress Li3PO4. The addition of Na2CO3 to the 50:50 ratio of LFP-NMC black mass, increased lithium recovery to 59.47% with 100% selectivity. This enhancement was due to the stabilization of lithium as Li2CO3, a water-soluble compound. The results demonstrated that addition of Na2CO3 is a promising strategy for improving lithium recovery from mixed LFP-NMC batteries, providing a potential pathway for a more efficient recycling process. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-92e4de46f0a242b0833f53c42be9c53e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-92e4de46f0a242b0833f53c42be9c53e2025-01-26T12:28:06ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-01-0115111710.1038/s41598-025-86542-6Lithium recovery from mixed spent LFP-NMC batteries through atmospheric water leachingIndra Perdana0Doni Riski Aprilianto1Farika Asna Fadillah2Riskal Fadli3Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus4Widi Astuti5Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun6Hanida Nilasary7Haryo Satriya Oktaviano8Ferry Fathoni9Edo Raihan10Soraya Ulfa Muzayanha11Sustainable Mineral Processing Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah MadaSustainable Mineral Processing Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah MadaSustainable Mineral Processing Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah MadaSustainable Mineral Processing Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah MadaSustainable Mineral Processing Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah MadaResearch Center for Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Ir. Sutami Km. 15Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah MadaTechnology Innovation, PT Pertamina (Persero)Technology Innovation, PT Pertamina (Persero)Technology Innovation, PT Pertamina (Persero)Technology Innovation, PT Pertamina (Persero)Technology Innovation, PT Pertamina (Persero)Abstract Selective lithium recovery from a mixture of LFP-NMC spent lithium batteries presents significant challenges due to differing structures and elemental compositions of the batteries. These differences necessitate a distinct recycling pathway for each, complicating the process for the mixture. This study explored a carbothermal reduction approach combined with water leaching under atmospheric conditions to achieve a selective lithium recovery. For individual NMC black mass, at the optimal carbothermal conditions (950 °C, 15 °C/min, 2 h), lithium recovery of 95.7 ± 0.31% with 100% selectivity could be achieved. However, when the black mass was mixed with that of LFP in a 50:50 ratio, the recovery dropped to 9.78 ± 0.44%. Solid-state reactions during carbothermal process resulted in the formation of highly insoluble Li3PO4, and Fe-Ni-Co/Ni-Co alloys, which hinder lithium dissolution. To address these challenges, Na2CO3 was introduced as an additive to suppress Li3PO4. The addition of Na2CO3 to the 50:50 ratio of LFP-NMC black mass, increased lithium recovery to 59.47% with 100% selectivity. This enhancement was due to the stabilization of lithium as Li2CO3, a water-soluble compound. The results demonstrated that addition of Na2CO3 is a promising strategy for improving lithium recovery from mixed LFP-NMC batteries, providing a potential pathway for a more efficient recycling process.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86542-6Mixed batteriesReduction carbothermalLithium recoverySelectivityWater leaching |
| spellingShingle | Indra Perdana Doni Riski Aprilianto Farika Asna Fadillah Riskal Fadli Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus Widi Astuti Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun Hanida Nilasary Haryo Satriya Oktaviano Ferry Fathoni Edo Raihan Soraya Ulfa Muzayanha Lithium recovery from mixed spent LFP-NMC batteries through atmospheric water leaching Scientific Reports Mixed batteries Reduction carbothermal Lithium recovery Selectivity Water leaching |
| title | Lithium recovery from mixed spent LFP-NMC batteries through atmospheric water leaching |
| title_full | Lithium recovery from mixed spent LFP-NMC batteries through atmospheric water leaching |
| title_fullStr | Lithium recovery from mixed spent LFP-NMC batteries through atmospheric water leaching |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lithium recovery from mixed spent LFP-NMC batteries through atmospheric water leaching |
| title_short | Lithium recovery from mixed spent LFP-NMC batteries through atmospheric water leaching |
| title_sort | lithium recovery from mixed spent lfp nmc batteries through atmospheric water leaching |
| topic | Mixed batteries Reduction carbothermal Lithium recovery Selectivity Water leaching |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86542-6 |
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