Determinants of plasma poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of compounds associated with adverse health outcomes, have been identified widely in humans. This study investigated the determinants of PFAS in plasma collected from pregnant women enrolled in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study from 2011 t...

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Main Authors: Yonghang Lai, Shoji F. Nakayama, Yukiko Nishihama, Tomohiko Isobe
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-04-01
Series:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325004439
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author Yonghang Lai
Shoji F. Nakayama
Yukiko Nishihama
Tomohiko Isobe
author_facet Yonghang Lai
Shoji F. Nakayama
Yukiko Nishihama
Tomohiko Isobe
author_sort Yonghang Lai
collection DOAJ
description Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of compounds associated with adverse health outcomes, have been identified widely in humans. This study investigated the determinants of PFAS in plasma collected from pregnant women enrolled in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study from 2011 to 2014. Several machine learning approaches were used, and the XGBoost model had the best predictive performance for seven PFAS quantified in more than 50 % of the population (from R2 = 0.34 and RMSE = 0.39 ng/mL for perfluorononanoic acid to R2 = 0.85 and RMSE = 0.19 ng/mL for perfluoroundecanoic acid). Feature analysis revealed that variation among regional centres was the most critical determinant. While parity was negatively associated with most PFAS concentrations and maternal age was positively associated with it, a positive interaction between parity and age suggests that PFAS accumulation with increasing age may have a greater impact than the reduction in PFAS levels associated with parity. Fish intakes demonstrated strong interactions with regional centres, leading to elevated PFAS levels in specific regions. Moreover, the cumulative effect of multiple weak interactions between determinants may have influenced PFAS concentrations in maternal plasma. Our models correlate more than 200 determinants with maternal PFAS concentrations while accounting for key interactions, providing a novel perspective regarding the effects of physical conditions, behaviours and dietary consumption on PFAS in pregnant women. This study provides valuable insights into the determinants of plasma PFAS concentrations and contributes to risk assessment and management strategies for pregnant populations.
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spelling doaj-art-92dfd0d5f15947a8a1fc7bc538aafcef2025-08-20T03:17:35ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132025-04-0129411810710.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118107Determinants of plasma poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children’s StudyYonghang Lai0Shoji F. Nakayama1Yukiko Nishihama2Tomohiko Isobe3Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, JapanJapan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; Correspondence to: Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; Paediatric Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, JapanJapan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, JapanPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of compounds associated with adverse health outcomes, have been identified widely in humans. This study investigated the determinants of PFAS in plasma collected from pregnant women enrolled in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study from 2011 to 2014. Several machine learning approaches were used, and the XGBoost model had the best predictive performance for seven PFAS quantified in more than 50 % of the population (from R2 = 0.34 and RMSE = 0.39 ng/mL for perfluorononanoic acid to R2 = 0.85 and RMSE = 0.19 ng/mL for perfluoroundecanoic acid). Feature analysis revealed that variation among regional centres was the most critical determinant. While parity was negatively associated with most PFAS concentrations and maternal age was positively associated with it, a positive interaction between parity and age suggests that PFAS accumulation with increasing age may have a greater impact than the reduction in PFAS levels associated with parity. Fish intakes demonstrated strong interactions with regional centres, leading to elevated PFAS levels in specific regions. Moreover, the cumulative effect of multiple weak interactions between determinants may have influenced PFAS concentrations in maternal plasma. Our models correlate more than 200 determinants with maternal PFAS concentrations while accounting for key interactions, providing a novel perspective regarding the effects of physical conditions, behaviours and dietary consumption on PFAS in pregnant women. This study provides valuable insights into the determinants of plasma PFAS concentrations and contributes to risk assessment and management strategies for pregnant populations.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325004439Perfluoroalkyl substancesPFASDeterminantsMachine learningPregnant women
spellingShingle Yonghang Lai
Shoji F. Nakayama
Yukiko Nishihama
Tomohiko Isobe
Determinants of plasma poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Perfluoroalkyl substances
PFAS
Determinants
Machine learning
Pregnant women
title Determinants of plasma poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study
title_full Determinants of plasma poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study
title_fullStr Determinants of plasma poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study
title_full_unstemmed Determinants of plasma poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study
title_short Determinants of plasma poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study
title_sort determinants of plasma poly and perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy the japan environment and children s study
topic Perfluoroalkyl substances
PFAS
Determinants
Machine learning
Pregnant women
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325004439
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