The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Key Mechanisms Driving Glymphopathy and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
The human microbiota constitute a very complex ecosystem of microorganisms inhabiting both the inside and outside of our bodies, in which health maintenance and disease modification are the main regulatory features. The recent explosion of microbiome research has begun to detail its important role i...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| author | Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir Muhammad Danial Che Ramli Mazira Mohamad Ghazali Usman Jaffer Hafizah Abdul Hamid Muhammad Zulfadli Mehat Zaw Myo Hein |
| author_facet | Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir Muhammad Danial Che Ramli Mazira Mohamad Ghazali Usman Jaffer Hafizah Abdul Hamid Muhammad Zulfadli Mehat Zaw Myo Hein |
| author_sort | Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The human microbiota constitute a very complex ecosystem of microorganisms inhabiting both the inside and outside of our bodies, in which health maintenance and disease modification are the main regulatory features. The recent explosion of microbiome research has begun to detail its important role in neurological health, particularly concerning cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), a disorder associated with cognitive decline and vascular dementia. This narrative review represents state-of-the-art knowledge of the intimate, complex interplay between microbiota and brain health through the gut–brain axis (GBA) and the emerging role of glymphatic system dysfunction (glymphopathy) and circulating cell-derived microparticles (MPs) as mediators of these interactions. We discuss how microbial dysbiosis promotes neuroinflammation, vascular dysfunction, and impaired waste clearance in the brain, which are critical factors in the pathogenesis of CSVD. Further, we discuss lifestyle factors that shape the composition and functionality of the microbiota, focusing on sleep as a modifiable risk factor in neurological disorders. This narrative review presents recent microbiome research from a neuroscientific and vascular perspective to establish future therapeutic avenues in targeting the microbiota to improve brain health and reduce the burden of CSVD. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-918f2fd0a8fa47f89bf3decb202426fa |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj-art-918f2fd0a8fa47f89bf3decb202426fa2025-01-24T13:38:24ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292024-12-01151310.3390/life15010003The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Key Mechanisms Driving Glymphopathy and Cerebral Small Vessel DiseaseChe Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir0Muhammad Danial Che Ramli1Mazira Mohamad Ghazali2Usman Jaffer3Hafizah Abdul Hamid4Muhammad Zulfadli Mehat5Zaw Myo Hein6Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Terengganu, MalaysiaFaculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, Shah Alam 40150, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Terengganu, MalaysiaKulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50728, MalaysiaDepartment of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab EmiratesThe human microbiota constitute a very complex ecosystem of microorganisms inhabiting both the inside and outside of our bodies, in which health maintenance and disease modification are the main regulatory features. The recent explosion of microbiome research has begun to detail its important role in neurological health, particularly concerning cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), a disorder associated with cognitive decline and vascular dementia. This narrative review represents state-of-the-art knowledge of the intimate, complex interplay between microbiota and brain health through the gut–brain axis (GBA) and the emerging role of glymphatic system dysfunction (glymphopathy) and circulating cell-derived microparticles (MPs) as mediators of these interactions. We discuss how microbial dysbiosis promotes neuroinflammation, vascular dysfunction, and impaired waste clearance in the brain, which are critical factors in the pathogenesis of CSVD. Further, we discuss lifestyle factors that shape the composition and functionality of the microbiota, focusing on sleep as a modifiable risk factor in neurological disorders. This narrative review presents recent microbiome research from a neuroscientific and vascular perspective to establish future therapeutic avenues in targeting the microbiota to improve brain health and reduce the burden of CSVD.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/1/3microbiotagut–brain axismicroparticlescerebral small vessel diseasesleepglymphatic system |
| spellingShingle | Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir Muhammad Danial Che Ramli Mazira Mohamad Ghazali Usman Jaffer Hafizah Abdul Hamid Muhammad Zulfadli Mehat Zaw Myo Hein The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Key Mechanisms Driving Glymphopathy and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Life microbiota gut–brain axis microparticles cerebral small vessel disease sleep glymphatic system |
| title | The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Key Mechanisms Driving Glymphopathy and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease |
| title_full | The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Key Mechanisms Driving Glymphopathy and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease |
| title_fullStr | The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Key Mechanisms Driving Glymphopathy and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Key Mechanisms Driving Glymphopathy and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease |
| title_short | The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Key Mechanisms Driving Glymphopathy and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease |
| title_sort | microbiota gut brain axis key mechanisms driving glymphopathy and cerebral small vessel disease |
| topic | microbiota gut–brain axis microparticles cerebral small vessel disease sleep glymphatic system |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/1/3 |
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