Effect of Axis Change on Shrinkage Rate of 3D-Printed Bioceramic Zirconia Fabricated via Digital Light Processing

Isotropic shrinkage is critical for producing dimensionally accurate prostheses using zirconia. However, the anisotropic shrinkage of 3D-printed zirconia limits its utility in clinical applications. We aimed to evaluate the impact of specimen axis alterations on the shrinkage of digital light proces...

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Main Authors: Ju-Young Park, Yoo-Na Jung, Kyoung-Jun Jang, Sang-Kyu Lee, Seong-Won Choi, Yong-Seok Lee, Yunzhi Peter Yang, Kwi-Dug Yun
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Biomimetics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/3/140
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author Ju-Young Park
Yoo-Na Jung
Kyoung-Jun Jang
Sang-Kyu Lee
Seong-Won Choi
Yong-Seok Lee
Yunzhi Peter Yang
Kwi-Dug Yun
author_facet Ju-Young Park
Yoo-Na Jung
Kyoung-Jun Jang
Sang-Kyu Lee
Seong-Won Choi
Yong-Seok Lee
Yunzhi Peter Yang
Kwi-Dug Yun
author_sort Ju-Young Park
collection DOAJ
description Isotropic shrinkage is critical for producing dimensionally accurate prostheses using zirconia. However, the anisotropic shrinkage of 3D-printed zirconia limits its utility in clinical applications. We aimed to evaluate the impact of specimen axis alterations on the shrinkage of digital light processing (DLP)-printed zirconia. Cubes measuring 10 × 10 × 10 mm<sup>3</sup> (similar in size to molar crowns) and cuboids measuring 10 × 10 × 20 mm (similar in size to a three-unit bridge) were manufactured using a DLP 3D printer. Zirconia specimens were pre-sintered at 1300 °C and 1400 °C. The Z-axis of some specimens was switched to the X-axis before the final sintering procedure. The X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis lengths of the green body, pre-sintered block, and fully sintered block were measured using digital calipers. The 3D-printed specimens showed lower shrinkage and higher deviation than the milled specimens, whose shrinkage rate was 26%. The shrinkage rates of the 3D-printed cubic specimens were 19.9% (length), 20.0% (width), and 21.99% (height), while those of the cuboidal specimens were 20.26%, 19.72%, and 21.81%, respectively. For the 3D-printed specimens, which shrink anisotropically during sintering, the axis change step had no significant impact on the shrinkage rate. In all groups, the shrinkage rate along the building direction during printing significantly exceeded that along the gravity direction during sintering.
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spelling doaj-art-90a67f4b0fff44b7a6941304e80b46ea2025-08-20T02:11:00ZengMDPI AGBiomimetics2313-76732025-02-0110314010.3390/biomimetics10030140Effect of Axis Change on Shrinkage Rate of 3D-Printed Bioceramic Zirconia Fabricated via Digital Light ProcessingJu-Young Park0Yoo-Na Jung1Kyoung-Jun Jang2Sang-Kyu Lee3Seong-Won Choi4Yong-Seok Lee5Yunzhi Peter Yang6Kwi-Dug Yun7Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of KoreaResearch Institute, 3D Controls Co., Ltd., Busan 46721, Republic of KoreaResearch Institute, 3D Controls Co., Ltd., Busan 46721, Republic of KoreaIndustry Support Center for Convergence Medical Devices, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USADepartment of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of KoreaIsotropic shrinkage is critical for producing dimensionally accurate prostheses using zirconia. However, the anisotropic shrinkage of 3D-printed zirconia limits its utility in clinical applications. We aimed to evaluate the impact of specimen axis alterations on the shrinkage of digital light processing (DLP)-printed zirconia. Cubes measuring 10 × 10 × 10 mm<sup>3</sup> (similar in size to molar crowns) and cuboids measuring 10 × 10 × 20 mm (similar in size to a three-unit bridge) were manufactured using a DLP 3D printer. Zirconia specimens were pre-sintered at 1300 °C and 1400 °C. The Z-axis of some specimens was switched to the X-axis before the final sintering procedure. The X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis lengths of the green body, pre-sintered block, and fully sintered block were measured using digital calipers. The 3D-printed specimens showed lower shrinkage and higher deviation than the milled specimens, whose shrinkage rate was 26%. The shrinkage rates of the 3D-printed cubic specimens were 19.9% (length), 20.0% (width), and 21.99% (height), while those of the cuboidal specimens were 20.26%, 19.72%, and 21.81%, respectively. For the 3D-printed specimens, which shrink anisotropically during sintering, the axis change step had no significant impact on the shrinkage rate. In all groups, the shrinkage rate along the building direction during printing significantly exceeded that along the gravity direction during sintering.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/3/1403D-printed zirconiashrinkage rateanisotropicdigital fixed prosthodontics
spellingShingle Ju-Young Park
Yoo-Na Jung
Kyoung-Jun Jang
Sang-Kyu Lee
Seong-Won Choi
Yong-Seok Lee
Yunzhi Peter Yang
Kwi-Dug Yun
Effect of Axis Change on Shrinkage Rate of 3D-Printed Bioceramic Zirconia Fabricated via Digital Light Processing
Biomimetics
3D-printed zirconia
shrinkage rate
anisotropic
digital fixed prosthodontics
title Effect of Axis Change on Shrinkage Rate of 3D-Printed Bioceramic Zirconia Fabricated via Digital Light Processing
title_full Effect of Axis Change on Shrinkage Rate of 3D-Printed Bioceramic Zirconia Fabricated via Digital Light Processing
title_fullStr Effect of Axis Change on Shrinkage Rate of 3D-Printed Bioceramic Zirconia Fabricated via Digital Light Processing
title_full_unstemmed Effect of Axis Change on Shrinkage Rate of 3D-Printed Bioceramic Zirconia Fabricated via Digital Light Processing
title_short Effect of Axis Change on Shrinkage Rate of 3D-Printed Bioceramic Zirconia Fabricated via Digital Light Processing
title_sort effect of axis change on shrinkage rate of 3d printed bioceramic zirconia fabricated via digital light processing
topic 3D-printed zirconia
shrinkage rate
anisotropic
digital fixed prosthodontics
url https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/3/140
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