Optimization of Polyphenol Extraction from Purple Corn Pericarp Using Glycerol/Lactic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent in Combination with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
Purple corn pericarp, a processing waste stream, is an extremely rich source of phytochemicals. Optimal polyphenol extraction parameters were identified using response surface methodology (RSM) by combining a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. After DES char...
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2024-12-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| author | Ravinder Kumar Sherry Flint-Garcia Miriam Nancy Salazar Vidal Lakshmikantha Channaiah Bongkosh Vardhanabhuti Stephan Sommer Caixia Wan Pavel Somavat |
| author_facet | Ravinder Kumar Sherry Flint-Garcia Miriam Nancy Salazar Vidal Lakshmikantha Channaiah Bongkosh Vardhanabhuti Stephan Sommer Caixia Wan Pavel Somavat |
| author_sort | Ravinder Kumar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Purple corn pericarp, a processing waste stream, is an extremely rich source of phytochemicals. Optimal polyphenol extraction parameters were identified using response surface methodology (RSM) by combining a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. After DES characterization, Plackett–Burman design was used to screen five explanatory variables, namely, time, Temp (temperature), water, Amp (amplitude), and S/L (solid-to-liquid ratio). The total anthocyanin concentration (TAC), total polyphenol concentration (TPC), and condensed tannin (CT) concentration were the response variables. After identifying significant factors, the Box–Behnken design was utilized to identify the optimal extraction parameters. The experimental yields under the optimized conditions of time (10 min), temperature (60 °C), water concentration (42.73%), and amplitude (40%) were 36.31 ± 1.54 g of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), 103.16 ± 6.17 g of gallic acid (GA), and 237.54 ± 9.98 g of epicatechin (EE) per kg of pericarp, with a desirability index of 0.858. The relative standard error among the predicted and experimental yields was <10%, validating the robustness of the model. HPLC analysis identified seven phytochemicals, and significant antioxidant activities were observed through four distinct assays. Metabolomic profiling identified 57 unique phytochemicals. The UAE technique combined with DES can efficiently extract polyphenols from purple corn pericarp in a short time. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-90a314c25bd34242bec94cb97d0b1e7c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj-art-90a314c25bd34242bec94cb97d0b1e7c2025-01-24T13:19:06ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212024-12-01141910.3390/antiox14010009Optimization of Polyphenol Extraction from Purple Corn Pericarp Using Glycerol/Lactic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent in Combination with Ultrasound-Assisted ExtractionRavinder Kumar0Sherry Flint-Garcia1Miriam Nancy Salazar Vidal2Lakshmikantha Channaiah3Bongkosh Vardhanabhuti4Stephan Sommer5Caixia Wan6Pavel Somavat7Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USAPlant Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Columbia, MO 65211, USADivision of Plant Sciences and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USAFood Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USAFood Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USAFood Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USADepartment of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USAFood Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USAPurple corn pericarp, a processing waste stream, is an extremely rich source of phytochemicals. Optimal polyphenol extraction parameters were identified using response surface methodology (RSM) by combining a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. After DES characterization, Plackett–Burman design was used to screen five explanatory variables, namely, time, Temp (temperature), water, Amp (amplitude), and S/L (solid-to-liquid ratio). The total anthocyanin concentration (TAC), total polyphenol concentration (TPC), and condensed tannin (CT) concentration were the response variables. After identifying significant factors, the Box–Behnken design was utilized to identify the optimal extraction parameters. The experimental yields under the optimized conditions of time (10 min), temperature (60 °C), water concentration (42.73%), and amplitude (40%) were 36.31 ± 1.54 g of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), 103.16 ± 6.17 g of gallic acid (GA), and 237.54 ± 9.98 g of epicatechin (EE) per kg of pericarp, with a desirability index of 0.858. The relative standard error among the predicted and experimental yields was <10%, validating the robustness of the model. HPLC analysis identified seven phytochemicals, and significant antioxidant activities were observed through four distinct assays. Metabolomic profiling identified 57 unique phytochemicals. The UAE technique combined with DES can efficiently extract polyphenols from purple corn pericarp in a short time.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/1/9purple corn pericarppolyphenolsextraction optimizationresponse surface methodologydeep eutectic solventsultrasound-assisted extraction |
| spellingShingle | Ravinder Kumar Sherry Flint-Garcia Miriam Nancy Salazar Vidal Lakshmikantha Channaiah Bongkosh Vardhanabhuti Stephan Sommer Caixia Wan Pavel Somavat Optimization of Polyphenol Extraction from Purple Corn Pericarp Using Glycerol/Lactic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent in Combination with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Antioxidants purple corn pericarp polyphenols extraction optimization response surface methodology deep eutectic solvents ultrasound-assisted extraction |
| title | Optimization of Polyphenol Extraction from Purple Corn Pericarp Using Glycerol/Lactic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent in Combination with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_full | Optimization of Polyphenol Extraction from Purple Corn Pericarp Using Glycerol/Lactic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent in Combination with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_fullStr | Optimization of Polyphenol Extraction from Purple Corn Pericarp Using Glycerol/Lactic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent in Combination with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization of Polyphenol Extraction from Purple Corn Pericarp Using Glycerol/Lactic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent in Combination with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_short | Optimization of Polyphenol Extraction from Purple Corn Pericarp Using Glycerol/Lactic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent in Combination with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_sort | optimization of polyphenol extraction from purple corn pericarp using glycerol lactic acid based deep eutectic solvent in combination with ultrasound assisted extraction |
| topic | purple corn pericarp polyphenols extraction optimization response surface methodology deep eutectic solvents ultrasound-assisted extraction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/1/9 |
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