Numerical analysis of the hydraulic fracture propagation behavior encountering gravel in conglomerate reservoirs
Abstract Hydraulic fracturing, which forms complex fracture networks, is a common technique for efficiently exploiting low-permeability conglomerate reservoirs. However, the presence of gravel makes conglomerate highly heterogeneous, endowing the deformation, failure, and internal micro-scale fractu...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-01-01
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| author | Zehao Xu Haiyang Zhao Xiangjun Liu Xiongwei Liu Pandeng Luo Lixi Liang |
| author_facet | Zehao Xu Haiyang Zhao Xiangjun Liu Xiongwei Liu Pandeng Luo Lixi Liang |
| author_sort | Zehao Xu |
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| description | Abstract Hydraulic fracturing, which forms complex fracture networks, is a common technique for efficiently exploiting low-permeability conglomerate reservoirs. However, the presence of gravel makes conglomerate highly heterogeneous, endowing the deformation, failure, and internal micro-scale fracture expansion mechanisms with uniqueness. The mechanism of fracture expansion when encountering gravel in conglomerate reservoirs remains unclear, challenging the design and effective implementation of hydraulic fracturing. This paper utilizes the Abaqus platform and adopts the maximum circumferential strain fracture criterion to establish a two-dimensional fluid-solid-structure coupled fracture expansion model. The study investigates the impact of permeability, Young’s modulus, in-situ stress difference, and incidence angle on the fracture expansion behavior in the presence of gravel. The results indicate that low-permeability gravel induces pressure changes near the fracture tip, like 13% pore pressure increase and stress reductions. Shear stress on the gravel surface rises by 28.3%, and choosing layers with a smaller permeability gap between matrix and gravel can reduce complex near-well fractures. High Young’s modulus gravel has a stress shielding effect around fractures, which is direction-dependent, with over tenfold stress variations. It causes a 60.7% increase in peak shear stress on the gravel surface, exacerbating fracture complexity and reducing extension distance, and a greater strength disparity between gravel and matrix enhances this effect. A high in-situ stress difference (over 8 MPa) weakens gravel-caused stress shielding, leading to stable fracture propagation with a single morphology and increased extension distance, though not favoring complex network formation. As the incidence angle rises, the gravel’s impact on stress and seepage fields weakens, but the risk of shear failure on the cementation interface increases. The findings provide a basis for optimizing operations in such reservoirs considering the various properties of gravel and their effects on fluid flow and fracture behavior. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9093a1d501c24c2cadeaf0911229450b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-9093a1d501c24c2cadeaf0911229450b2025-01-19T12:17:50ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-01-0115111910.1038/s41598-025-86053-4Numerical analysis of the hydraulic fracture propagation behavior encountering gravel in conglomerate reservoirsZehao Xu0Haiyang Zhao1Xiangjun Liu2Xiongwei Liu3Pandeng Luo4Lixi Liang5Engineering Technology Research Institute of Sinopec Northwest Oil Field BranchEngineering Technology Research Institute of Sinopec Northwest Oil Field BranchState Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum UniversityEngineering Technology Research Institute of Sinopec Northwest Oil Field BranchEngineering Technology Research Institute of Sinopec Northwest Oil Field BranchState Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum UniversityAbstract Hydraulic fracturing, which forms complex fracture networks, is a common technique for efficiently exploiting low-permeability conglomerate reservoirs. However, the presence of gravel makes conglomerate highly heterogeneous, endowing the deformation, failure, and internal micro-scale fracture expansion mechanisms with uniqueness. The mechanism of fracture expansion when encountering gravel in conglomerate reservoirs remains unclear, challenging the design and effective implementation of hydraulic fracturing. This paper utilizes the Abaqus platform and adopts the maximum circumferential strain fracture criterion to establish a two-dimensional fluid-solid-structure coupled fracture expansion model. The study investigates the impact of permeability, Young’s modulus, in-situ stress difference, and incidence angle on the fracture expansion behavior in the presence of gravel. The results indicate that low-permeability gravel induces pressure changes near the fracture tip, like 13% pore pressure increase and stress reductions. Shear stress on the gravel surface rises by 28.3%, and choosing layers with a smaller permeability gap between matrix and gravel can reduce complex near-well fractures. High Young’s modulus gravel has a stress shielding effect around fractures, which is direction-dependent, with over tenfold stress variations. It causes a 60.7% increase in peak shear stress on the gravel surface, exacerbating fracture complexity and reducing extension distance, and a greater strength disparity between gravel and matrix enhances this effect. A high in-situ stress difference (over 8 MPa) weakens gravel-caused stress shielding, leading to stable fracture propagation with a single morphology and increased extension distance, though not favoring complex network formation. As the incidence angle rises, the gravel’s impact on stress and seepage fields weakens, but the risk of shear failure on the cementation interface increases. The findings provide a basis for optimizing operations in such reservoirs considering the various properties of gravel and their effects on fluid flow and fracture behavior.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86053-4Conglomerate reservoirsHydraulic fracture propagationFluid-solid-structure couplingGravelRock mechanics |
| spellingShingle | Zehao Xu Haiyang Zhao Xiangjun Liu Xiongwei Liu Pandeng Luo Lixi Liang Numerical analysis of the hydraulic fracture propagation behavior encountering gravel in conglomerate reservoirs Scientific Reports Conglomerate reservoirs Hydraulic fracture propagation Fluid-solid-structure coupling Gravel Rock mechanics |
| title | Numerical analysis of the hydraulic fracture propagation behavior encountering gravel in conglomerate reservoirs |
| title_full | Numerical analysis of the hydraulic fracture propagation behavior encountering gravel in conglomerate reservoirs |
| title_fullStr | Numerical analysis of the hydraulic fracture propagation behavior encountering gravel in conglomerate reservoirs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Numerical analysis of the hydraulic fracture propagation behavior encountering gravel in conglomerate reservoirs |
| title_short | Numerical analysis of the hydraulic fracture propagation behavior encountering gravel in conglomerate reservoirs |
| title_sort | numerical analysis of the hydraulic fracture propagation behavior encountering gravel in conglomerate reservoirs |
| topic | Conglomerate reservoirs Hydraulic fracture propagation Fluid-solid-structure coupling Gravel Rock mechanics |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86053-4 |
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