Tracking metal pollution from illegal gold mining: a health risk assessment in Edfu, Egypt
Abstract Over the past decade, there has been an increase in small-scale gold mining in the arid southern region of Egypt. Miners extract ore from the Eastern Desert and transport it to Nile Valley farms, where ample water facilitates the processing. In Edfu, Egypt, the lack of economic opportunitie...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-02-01
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| author | Kholoud M. AbdelMaksoud Wael M. Al-Metwaly Heba M. R. Hathout |
| author_facet | Kholoud M. AbdelMaksoud Wael M. Al-Metwaly Heba M. R. Hathout |
| author_sort | Kholoud M. AbdelMaksoud |
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| description | Abstract Over the past decade, there has been an increase in small-scale gold mining in the arid southern region of Egypt. Miners extract ore from the Eastern Desert and transport it to Nile Valley farms, where ample water facilitates the processing. In Edfu, Egypt, the lack of economic opportunities prompted resource-constrained farmers to transform their agricultural lands into gold mines. The study utilized a multifaceted approach that integrated various methodologies, including remote sensing technologies, field surveys, chemical analyses, and statistical methods. The study aimed to assess the concentrations of carcinogenic agents and determine the potential human health risks associated with these agents in soil and fish samples collected within the city boundaries. The study examined correlations between various heavy metals (HMs), such as Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Hg, in Soilsamples collected in 2020 and 2022. The results revealed direct proportional relationships among specific HMs. The Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) revealed significantly elevated values in both years, indicating potential environmental degradation. Although no carcinogenic hazards were identified, non-carcinogenic risks related to ingestion were observed for both adults and children exposed to mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), and arsenic (As). Contamination Factor (CF) values were also significantly high. Ecological risks were observed in both Soiland water, as well as in Nile Tilapia samples. Hazard Quotients (HQ) calculated for Nile Tilapia indicated potential risks for both adults and children, particularly associated with elevated arsenic (As) levels. This transformation elicited concerns regarding environmental and health implications, leading us to undertake a thorough investigation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8e2cba3ae2aa440893e71b654b3ba073 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-8e2cba3ae2aa440893e71b654b3ba0732025-02-02T12:18:32ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-02-0115111910.1038/s41598-024-84281-8Tracking metal pollution from illegal gold mining: a health risk assessment in Edfu, EgyptKholoud M. AbdelMaksoud0Wael M. Al-Metwaly1Heba M. R. Hathout2Georesources, Natural Resources Department, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo UniversityGeography and GIS Department, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo UniversityAnimal resources, Natural Resources Department, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo UniversityAbstract Over the past decade, there has been an increase in small-scale gold mining in the arid southern region of Egypt. Miners extract ore from the Eastern Desert and transport it to Nile Valley farms, where ample water facilitates the processing. In Edfu, Egypt, the lack of economic opportunities prompted resource-constrained farmers to transform their agricultural lands into gold mines. The study utilized a multifaceted approach that integrated various methodologies, including remote sensing technologies, field surveys, chemical analyses, and statistical methods. The study aimed to assess the concentrations of carcinogenic agents and determine the potential human health risks associated with these agents in soil and fish samples collected within the city boundaries. The study examined correlations between various heavy metals (HMs), such as Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Hg, in Soilsamples collected in 2020 and 2022. The results revealed direct proportional relationships among specific HMs. The Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) revealed significantly elevated values in both years, indicating potential environmental degradation. Although no carcinogenic hazards were identified, non-carcinogenic risks related to ingestion were observed for both adults and children exposed to mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), and arsenic (As). Contamination Factor (CF) values were also significantly high. Ecological risks were observed in both Soiland water, as well as in Nile Tilapia samples. Hazard Quotients (HQ) calculated for Nile Tilapia indicated potential risks for both adults and children, particularly associated with elevated arsenic (As) levels. This transformation elicited concerns regarding environmental and health implications, leading us to undertake a thorough investigation.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84281-8Wadi AbbadiCarcinogenicToxic metalsEcological risk |
| spellingShingle | Kholoud M. AbdelMaksoud Wael M. Al-Metwaly Heba M. R. Hathout Tracking metal pollution from illegal gold mining: a health risk assessment in Edfu, Egypt Scientific Reports Wadi Abbadi Carcinogenic Toxic metals Ecological risk |
| title | Tracking metal pollution from illegal gold mining: a health risk assessment in Edfu, Egypt |
| title_full | Tracking metal pollution from illegal gold mining: a health risk assessment in Edfu, Egypt |
| title_fullStr | Tracking metal pollution from illegal gold mining: a health risk assessment in Edfu, Egypt |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tracking metal pollution from illegal gold mining: a health risk assessment in Edfu, Egypt |
| title_short | Tracking metal pollution from illegal gold mining: a health risk assessment in Edfu, Egypt |
| title_sort | tracking metal pollution from illegal gold mining a health risk assessment in edfu egypt |
| topic | Wadi Abbadi Carcinogenic Toxic metals Ecological risk |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84281-8 |
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