Protective Effects of Phycobiliproteins from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> (Spirulina) Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Embryotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Pregnant CD1 Mice
<b>Background/Objectives</b>: In recent years the global incidence of cancer during pregnancy is rising, occurring in 1 out of every 1000 pregnancies. In this regard, the most used chemotherapy drugs to treat cancer are alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide (Cp). Despite its great e...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Yuliana García-Martínez Amparo Celene Razo-Estrada Ricardo Pérez-Pastén-Borja Candelaria Galván-Colorado Germán Chamorro-Cevallos José Jorge Chanona-Pérez Oscar Alberto López-Canales Hariz Islas-Flores Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez Joaquín Cordero-Martínez José Melesio Cristóbal-Luna |
| author_facet | Yuliana García-Martínez Amparo Celene Razo-Estrada Ricardo Pérez-Pastén-Borja Candelaria Galván-Colorado Germán Chamorro-Cevallos José Jorge Chanona-Pérez Oscar Alberto López-Canales Hariz Islas-Flores Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez Joaquín Cordero-Martínez José Melesio Cristóbal-Luna |
| author_sort | Yuliana García-Martínez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background/Objectives</b>: In recent years the global incidence of cancer during pregnancy is rising, occurring in 1 out of every 1000 pregnancies. In this regard, the most used chemotherapy drugs to treat cancer are alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide (Cp). Despite its great efficacy, has been associated with the production of oxidative stress and DNA damage, leading to embryotoxicity, genotoxicity, and teratogenicity in the developing <i>conceptus</i>. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective role of phycobiliproteins (PBP) derived from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> (spirulina) in reducing Cp-induced embryotoxicity and genotoxicity in pregnant CD1 mice. <b>Methods</b>: Pregnant CD1 mice were divided into five groups: control, Cp 20 mg/kg, and three doses of PBP (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) + Cp co-treatment. PBP were administered orally from day 6 to 10.5 <i>dpc</i>, followed by a single intraperitoneal dose of Cp on 10.5 <i>dpc</i>. Embryos were collected at 12.5 <i>dpc</i> to assess morphological development and vascular alterations, while maternal DNA damage was evaluated using micronucleus assays and antioxidant enzyme activity in maternal plasma. <b>Results</b>: PBP exhibited a dose-dependent protective effect against Cp-induced damage. The 200 mg/kg PBP dose significantly reduced developmental abnormalities, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, and oxidative stress, (as evidenced by increased SOD and GPx activity). <b>Conclusions</b>: Phycobiliproteins from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> (spirulina) effectively reduced Cp-induced morphological and vascular alterations in embryos and genotoxicity in pregnant mice. These findings highlight their potential as a complementary therapy to mitigate teratogenic risks during chemotherapy. Further research is needed to optimize dosing and explore clinical applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8c45633833d54b488057adf40d31b4f9 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-8c45633833d54b488057adf40d31b4f92025-01-24T13:45:23ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472025-01-0118110110.3390/ph18010101Protective Effects of Phycobiliproteins from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> (Spirulina) Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Embryotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Pregnant CD1 MiceYuliana García-Martínez0Amparo Celene Razo-Estrada1Ricardo Pérez-Pastén-Borja2Candelaria Galván-Colorado3Germán Chamorro-Cevallos4José Jorge Chanona-Pérez5Oscar Alberto López-Canales6Hariz Islas-Flores7Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez8Joaquín Cordero-Martínez9José Melesio Cristóbal-Luna10Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Mexico City C.P. 07738, MexicoDepartamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Mexico City C.P. 07738, MexicoDepartamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Mexico City C.P. 07738, MexicoDepartamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Mexico City C.P. 07738, MexicoDepartamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Mexico City C.P. 07738, MexicoLaboratorio de Micro y Nanobiotecnología, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Mexico City C.P. 07738, MexicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City C.P. 04510, MexicoLaboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, Toluca C.P. 50120, MexicoDepartamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Del. Coyoacán, Mexico City C.P. 04960, MexicoLaboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City C.P. 11340, MexicoDepartamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico<b>Background/Objectives</b>: In recent years the global incidence of cancer during pregnancy is rising, occurring in 1 out of every 1000 pregnancies. In this regard, the most used chemotherapy drugs to treat cancer are alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide (Cp). Despite its great efficacy, has been associated with the production of oxidative stress and DNA damage, leading to embryotoxicity, genotoxicity, and teratogenicity in the developing <i>conceptus</i>. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective role of phycobiliproteins (PBP) derived from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> (spirulina) in reducing Cp-induced embryotoxicity and genotoxicity in pregnant CD1 mice. <b>Methods</b>: Pregnant CD1 mice were divided into five groups: control, Cp 20 mg/kg, and three doses of PBP (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) + Cp co-treatment. PBP were administered orally from day 6 to 10.5 <i>dpc</i>, followed by a single intraperitoneal dose of Cp on 10.5 <i>dpc</i>. Embryos were collected at 12.5 <i>dpc</i> to assess morphological development and vascular alterations, while maternal DNA damage was evaluated using micronucleus assays and antioxidant enzyme activity in maternal plasma. <b>Results</b>: PBP exhibited a dose-dependent protective effect against Cp-induced damage. The 200 mg/kg PBP dose significantly reduced developmental abnormalities, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, and oxidative stress, (as evidenced by increased SOD and GPx activity). <b>Conclusions</b>: Phycobiliproteins from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> (spirulina) effectively reduced Cp-induced morphological and vascular alterations in embryos and genotoxicity in pregnant mice. These findings highlight their potential as a complementary therapy to mitigate teratogenic risks during chemotherapy. Further research is needed to optimize dosing and explore clinical applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/101phycobiliproteinscyclophosphamideteratogenesisgenotoxicityoxidative stressantioxidant therapy |
| spellingShingle | Yuliana García-Martínez Amparo Celene Razo-Estrada Ricardo Pérez-Pastén-Borja Candelaria Galván-Colorado Germán Chamorro-Cevallos José Jorge Chanona-Pérez Oscar Alberto López-Canales Hariz Islas-Flores Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez Joaquín Cordero-Martínez José Melesio Cristóbal-Luna Protective Effects of Phycobiliproteins from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> (Spirulina) Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Embryotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Pregnant CD1 Mice Pharmaceuticals phycobiliproteins cyclophosphamide teratogenesis genotoxicity oxidative stress antioxidant therapy |
| title | Protective Effects of Phycobiliproteins from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> (Spirulina) Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Embryotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Pregnant CD1 Mice |
| title_full | Protective Effects of Phycobiliproteins from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> (Spirulina) Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Embryotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Pregnant CD1 Mice |
| title_fullStr | Protective Effects of Phycobiliproteins from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> (Spirulina) Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Embryotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Pregnant CD1 Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Protective Effects of Phycobiliproteins from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> (Spirulina) Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Embryotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Pregnant CD1 Mice |
| title_short | Protective Effects of Phycobiliproteins from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> (Spirulina) Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Embryotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Pregnant CD1 Mice |
| title_sort | protective effects of phycobiliproteins from i arthrospira maxima i spirulina against cyclophosphamide induced embryotoxicity and genotoxicity in pregnant cd1 mice |
| topic | phycobiliproteins cyclophosphamide teratogenesis genotoxicity oxidative stress antioxidant therapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/101 |
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