Co-optimising frequency-containment services from zero-carbon sources in electricity grids dominated by Renewable Energy Sources
Power systems dominated by Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are characterised by reduced levels of inertia, which in turn threaten the security of the electricity grid, and significantly increase the requirement for ancillary services such as inertia and Frequency Response (FR). Since inertia and FR a...
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061524005982 |
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| author | Aimon Mirza Baig Luis Badesa Yi Wang Goran Strbac |
| author_facet | Aimon Mirza Baig Luis Badesa Yi Wang Goran Strbac |
| author_sort | Aimon Mirza Baig |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Power systems dominated by Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are characterised by reduced levels of inertia, which in turn threaten the security of the electricity grid, and significantly increase the requirement for ancillary services such as inertia and Frequency Response (FR). Since inertia and FR are typically provided by part-loaded thermal generators, system security and carbon emissions are still highly coupled. Therefore, it becomes critical to investigate alternative ways to guarantee grid stability without resorting to polluting assets, as emissions targets would be unattainable otherwise. In this context, the present paper introduces a frequency-security constrained Stochastic Unit Commitment (SUC) model, which simultaneously co-optimises clean services such as inertia from Synchronous Condensers (SCs) and FR from part-loaded RES and Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). A methodology is proposed to capture the dynamics for inertia from SCs, Primary Frequency Response (PFR) from RES and Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR) from BESS in the form of linear constraints. The ancillary services dynamics are then mapped into the optimisation through frequency-security constraints obtained by solving the swing equation, eventually formulated as a Mixed-Integer Second-Order Cone Program (MISOCP). The proposed constraints enforce that sufficient ancillary services are scheduled to maintain system stability, while taking advantage of the economic savings and emissions reduction from zero-carbon sources. Finally, to provide a rigorous quantification of the benefits of co-optimising the provision of zero-carbon ancillary services, a 2030 Great Britain (GB) power system scenario is used. The results demonstrate that ancillary services costs can be reduced from 35% to 3.3% and 45% to 4.2% of the total system operating cost under wind scenarios of 70GW and 100GW respectively. Similarly, simulations demonstrate that the provision of ancillary services can significantly reduce emissions in the system. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8bafb3a5950b4ea4ad658555642b0d82 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0142-0615 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems |
| spelling | doaj-art-8bafb3a5950b4ea4ad658555642b0d822025-01-19T06:23:52ZengElsevierInternational Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems0142-06152025-03-01164110375Co-optimising frequency-containment services from zero-carbon sources in electricity grids dominated by Renewable Energy SourcesAimon Mirza Baig0Luis Badesa1Yi Wang2Goran Strbac3Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Corresponding author.Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Ronda de Valencia 3, 28012 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UKDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UKPower systems dominated by Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are characterised by reduced levels of inertia, which in turn threaten the security of the electricity grid, and significantly increase the requirement for ancillary services such as inertia and Frequency Response (FR). Since inertia and FR are typically provided by part-loaded thermal generators, system security and carbon emissions are still highly coupled. Therefore, it becomes critical to investigate alternative ways to guarantee grid stability without resorting to polluting assets, as emissions targets would be unattainable otherwise. In this context, the present paper introduces a frequency-security constrained Stochastic Unit Commitment (SUC) model, which simultaneously co-optimises clean services such as inertia from Synchronous Condensers (SCs) and FR from part-loaded RES and Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). A methodology is proposed to capture the dynamics for inertia from SCs, Primary Frequency Response (PFR) from RES and Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR) from BESS in the form of linear constraints. The ancillary services dynamics are then mapped into the optimisation through frequency-security constraints obtained by solving the swing equation, eventually formulated as a Mixed-Integer Second-Order Cone Program (MISOCP). The proposed constraints enforce that sufficient ancillary services are scheduled to maintain system stability, while taking advantage of the economic savings and emissions reduction from zero-carbon sources. Finally, to provide a rigorous quantification of the benefits of co-optimising the provision of zero-carbon ancillary services, a 2030 Great Britain (GB) power system scenario is used. The results demonstrate that ancillary services costs can be reduced from 35% to 3.3% and 45% to 4.2% of the total system operating cost under wind scenarios of 70GW and 100GW respectively. Similarly, simulations demonstrate that the provision of ancillary services can significantly reduce emissions in the system.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061524005982Ancillary servicesFrequency securityInertiaRenewable energy sources |
| spellingShingle | Aimon Mirza Baig Luis Badesa Yi Wang Goran Strbac Co-optimising frequency-containment services from zero-carbon sources in electricity grids dominated by Renewable Energy Sources International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems Ancillary services Frequency security Inertia Renewable energy sources |
| title | Co-optimising frequency-containment services from zero-carbon sources in electricity grids dominated by Renewable Energy Sources |
| title_full | Co-optimising frequency-containment services from zero-carbon sources in electricity grids dominated by Renewable Energy Sources |
| title_fullStr | Co-optimising frequency-containment services from zero-carbon sources in electricity grids dominated by Renewable Energy Sources |
| title_full_unstemmed | Co-optimising frequency-containment services from zero-carbon sources in electricity grids dominated by Renewable Energy Sources |
| title_short | Co-optimising frequency-containment services from zero-carbon sources in electricity grids dominated by Renewable Energy Sources |
| title_sort | co optimising frequency containment services from zero carbon sources in electricity grids dominated by renewable energy sources |
| topic | Ancillary services Frequency security Inertia Renewable energy sources |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061524005982 |
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