Antibiotic Resistance of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains—Searching for New Antimicrobial Agents—Review
Inappropriate and excessive use of antibiotics is responsible for the rapid development of antimicrobial resistance, which is associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need to explore new antibiotics or alternative antimicrobial agents. <i>S. aureus</i>...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceuticals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/81 |
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| author | Michał Michalik Adrianna Podbielska-Kubera Agnieszka Dmowska-Koroblewska |
| author_facet | Michał Michalik Adrianna Podbielska-Kubera Agnieszka Dmowska-Koroblewska |
| author_sort | Michał Michalik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Inappropriate and excessive use of antibiotics is responsible for the rapid development of antimicrobial resistance, which is associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need to explore new antibiotics or alternative antimicrobial agents. <i>S. aureus</i> a commensal microorganism but is also responsible for numerous infections. In addition to innate resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, <i>S. aureus</i> strains resistant to methicillin (MRSA) often show resistance to other classes of antibiotics (multidrug resistance). The advancement of phage therapy against MRSA infections offers a promising alternative in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance. Therapeutic phages are easier to obtain and cheaper to produce than antibiotics. However, there is still a lack of standards to ensure the safe use of phages, including purification, dosage, means of administration, and the quantity of phages used. Some bacteria have developed defense mechanisms against phages. The use of phage cocktails or the combination of antibiotics and phages is preferred. For personalized therapy, it is essential to set up large collections to enable phage selection. In the future, the fight against MRSA strains using phages should be based on a multidisciplinary approach, including molecular biology and medicine. Other therapies in the fight against MRSA strains include the use of endolysin antimicrobial peptides (including defensins and cathelicidins). Researchers’ activities also focus on the potential use of plant extracts, honey, propolis, alkaloids, and essential oils. To date, no vaccine has been approved against <i>S. aureus</i> strains. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8ada0afc7ac64e6cb5c652ab52d32c27 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj-art-8ada0afc7ac64e6cb5c652ab52d32c272025-01-24T13:45:19ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472025-01-011818110.3390/ph18010081Antibiotic Resistance of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains—Searching for New Antimicrobial Agents—ReviewMichał Michalik0Adrianna Podbielska-Kubera1Agnieszka Dmowska-Koroblewska2MML Medical Centre, Bagno 2, 00-112 Warsaw, PolandMML Medical Centre, Bagno 2, 00-112 Warsaw, PolandMML Medical Centre, Bagno 2, 00-112 Warsaw, PolandInappropriate and excessive use of antibiotics is responsible for the rapid development of antimicrobial resistance, which is associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need to explore new antibiotics or alternative antimicrobial agents. <i>S. aureus</i> a commensal microorganism but is also responsible for numerous infections. In addition to innate resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, <i>S. aureus</i> strains resistant to methicillin (MRSA) often show resistance to other classes of antibiotics (multidrug resistance). The advancement of phage therapy against MRSA infections offers a promising alternative in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance. Therapeutic phages are easier to obtain and cheaper to produce than antibiotics. However, there is still a lack of standards to ensure the safe use of phages, including purification, dosage, means of administration, and the quantity of phages used. Some bacteria have developed defense mechanisms against phages. The use of phage cocktails or the combination of antibiotics and phages is preferred. For personalized therapy, it is essential to set up large collections to enable phage selection. In the future, the fight against MRSA strains using phages should be based on a multidisciplinary approach, including molecular biology and medicine. Other therapies in the fight against MRSA strains include the use of endolysin antimicrobial peptides (including defensins and cathelicidins). Researchers’ activities also focus on the potential use of plant extracts, honey, propolis, alkaloids, and essential oils. To date, no vaccine has been approved against <i>S. aureus</i> strains.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/81<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>MRSAmultidrug resistancemethicillin resistancephagesantimicrobial peptides |
| spellingShingle | Michał Michalik Adrianna Podbielska-Kubera Agnieszka Dmowska-Koroblewska Antibiotic Resistance of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains—Searching for New Antimicrobial Agents—Review Pharmaceuticals <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> MRSA multidrug resistance methicillin resistance phages antimicrobial peptides |
| title | Antibiotic Resistance of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains—Searching for New Antimicrobial Agents—Review |
| title_full | Antibiotic Resistance of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains—Searching for New Antimicrobial Agents—Review |
| title_fullStr | Antibiotic Resistance of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains—Searching for New Antimicrobial Agents—Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antibiotic Resistance of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains—Searching for New Antimicrobial Agents—Review |
| title_short | Antibiotic Resistance of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains—Searching for New Antimicrobial Agents—Review |
| title_sort | antibiotic resistance of i staphylococcus aureus i strains searching for new antimicrobial agents review |
| topic | <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> MRSA multidrug resistance methicillin resistance phages antimicrobial peptides |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/81 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT michałmichalik antibioticresistanceofistaphylococcusaureusistrainssearchingfornewantimicrobialagentsreview AT adriannapodbielskakubera antibioticresistanceofistaphylococcusaureusistrainssearchingfornewantimicrobialagentsreview AT agnieszkadmowskakoroblewska antibioticresistanceofistaphylococcusaureusistrainssearchingfornewantimicrobialagentsreview |