Entanglement distribution in lossy quantum networks

Abstract Entanglement distribution is essential for unlocking the potential of distributed quantum information processing. We consider an N-partite network where entanglement is distributed via a central source over lossy channels, and network participants cooperate to establish entanglement between...

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Main Authors: Leonardo Oleynik, Junaid ur Rehman, Seid Koudia, Symeon Chatzinotas
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14226-2
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author Leonardo Oleynik
Junaid ur Rehman
Seid Koudia
Symeon Chatzinotas
author_facet Leonardo Oleynik
Junaid ur Rehman
Seid Koudia
Symeon Chatzinotas
author_sort Leonardo Oleynik
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Entanglement distribution is essential for unlocking the potential of distributed quantum information processing. We consider an N-partite network where entanglement is distributed via a central source over lossy channels, and network participants cooperate to establish entanglement between any two chosen parties under local operations and classical communication (LOCC). We develop a general mathematical framework to assess the average bipartite entanglement shared in a lossy distribution, and introduce a tractable lower bound by optimizing over a subset of single-parameter LOCC transformations. Our results show that probabilistically extracting Bell pairs from W states is more advantageous than deterministically extracting them from GHZ-like states in lossy networks, with this advantage increasing with network size. We further extend our analysis analytically, proving that W states remain more effective in large-scale networks. These findings offer valuable insights into the practical deployment of near-term networks, and corroborate a trade-off relationship between the success conversion probability of entanglement distribution protocols and their robustness to loss.
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spelling doaj-art-8a5a10366f6e4911892512f28bb8a00e2025-08-20T03:05:18ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-011511910.1038/s41598-025-14226-2Entanglement distribution in lossy quantum networksLeonardo Oleynik0Junaid ur Rehman1Seid Koudia2Symeon Chatzinotas3Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of LuxembourgDepartment of Electrical Engineering, and the Center for Intelligent Secure Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM)Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of LuxembourgInterdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of LuxembourgAbstract Entanglement distribution is essential for unlocking the potential of distributed quantum information processing. We consider an N-partite network where entanglement is distributed via a central source over lossy channels, and network participants cooperate to establish entanglement between any two chosen parties under local operations and classical communication (LOCC). We develop a general mathematical framework to assess the average bipartite entanglement shared in a lossy distribution, and introduce a tractable lower bound by optimizing over a subset of single-parameter LOCC transformations. Our results show that probabilistically extracting Bell pairs from W states is more advantageous than deterministically extracting them from GHZ-like states in lossy networks, with this advantage increasing with network size. We further extend our analysis analytically, proving that W states remain more effective in large-scale networks. These findings offer valuable insights into the practical deployment of near-term networks, and corroborate a trade-off relationship between the success conversion probability of entanglement distribution protocols and their robustness to loss.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14226-2Entanglement distributionLossy quantum networksW states
spellingShingle Leonardo Oleynik
Junaid ur Rehman
Seid Koudia
Symeon Chatzinotas
Entanglement distribution in lossy quantum networks
Scientific Reports
Entanglement distribution
Lossy quantum networks
W states
title Entanglement distribution in lossy quantum networks
title_full Entanglement distribution in lossy quantum networks
title_fullStr Entanglement distribution in lossy quantum networks
title_full_unstemmed Entanglement distribution in lossy quantum networks
title_short Entanglement distribution in lossy quantum networks
title_sort entanglement distribution in lossy quantum networks
topic Entanglement distribution
Lossy quantum networks
W states
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14226-2
work_keys_str_mv AT leonardooleynik entanglementdistributioninlossyquantumnetworks
AT junaidurrehman entanglementdistributioninlossyquantumnetworks
AT seidkoudia entanglementdistributioninlossyquantumnetworks
AT symeonchatzinotas entanglementdistributioninlossyquantumnetworks