First Look at the Venoms of Two <i>Sinomicrurus</i> Snakes: Differences in Yield, Proteomic Profiles, and Immunorecognition by Commercial Antivenoms
Chinese coral snakes (<i>Sinomicrurus</i>) are highly neglected regarding their venom profiles and harm to humans, which impedes our ability to deeply understand their biological properties and explore their medicinal potential. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis to revea...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Xiang-Yu Li Ya-Qi Zhang Xin-Ru Qian Hong-Yan Zhao Hong-Liang Lu Jian-Fang Gao |
| author_facet | Xiang-Yu Li Ya-Qi Zhang Xin-Ru Qian Hong-Yan Zhao Hong-Liang Lu Jian-Fang Gao |
| author_sort | Xiang-Yu Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chinese coral snakes (<i>Sinomicrurus</i>) are highly neglected regarding their venom profiles and harm to humans, which impedes our ability to deeply understand their biological properties and explore their medicinal potential. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis to reveal the venom profiles of two Chinese coral snakes in terms of their venom yields, proteomic profiles, and immunorecognition by commercial antivenoms. The results showed that <i>Sinomicrurus kelloggi</i> expels more venom (lyophilized venom mass) than <i>Sinomicrurus maccelellandi</i> but possesses a similar solid venom content. These interspecific differences in venom yield were influenced by the snout–vent length. The venoms of these two species varied in their electrophoretic profiles, as well as in the presence or absence and relative abundance of protein families. They exhibited a 3-FTx-predominant phenotype, where the <i>S. maccelellandi</i> venom was dominated by 3-FTx (32.43%), SVMP (23.63%), PLA<sub>2</sub> (19.88%), and SVSP (12.61%), while the <i>S. kelloggi</i> venom was dominated by 3-FTx (65.81%), LAAO (11.35%), and AMP (10.09%). While both the commercial <i>Naja atra</i> and <i>Bungarus multicinctus</i> antivenoms could immunorecognize these two Chinese coral snake venoms, the <i>N. atra</i> antivenom possessed a higher neutralization capability than the <i>B. multicinctus</i> antivenom for both species of coral snakes. Our findings show significant interspecific variations in the venom profiles of these <i>Sinomicrurus</i> snakes for the first time. We suggest screening or preparing specific antivenoms with high efficiency for the clinical treatment of envenomation caused by these snakes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8980a1b1471d4c4d90d518348d600040 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj-art-8980a1b1471d4c4d90d518348d6000402025-01-24T13:51:12ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512025-01-011711910.3390/toxins17010019First Look at the Venoms of Two <i>Sinomicrurus</i> Snakes: Differences in Yield, Proteomic Profiles, and Immunorecognition by Commercial AntivenomsXiang-Yu Li0Ya-Qi Zhang1Xin-Ru Qian2Hong-Yan Zhao3Hong-Liang Lu4Jian-Fang Gao5Herpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, ChinaHerpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, ChinaHerpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, ChinaHerpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, ChinaHerpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, ChinaHerpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, ChinaChinese coral snakes (<i>Sinomicrurus</i>) are highly neglected regarding their venom profiles and harm to humans, which impedes our ability to deeply understand their biological properties and explore their medicinal potential. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis to reveal the venom profiles of two Chinese coral snakes in terms of their venom yields, proteomic profiles, and immunorecognition by commercial antivenoms. The results showed that <i>Sinomicrurus kelloggi</i> expels more venom (lyophilized venom mass) than <i>Sinomicrurus maccelellandi</i> but possesses a similar solid venom content. These interspecific differences in venom yield were influenced by the snout–vent length. The venoms of these two species varied in their electrophoretic profiles, as well as in the presence or absence and relative abundance of protein families. They exhibited a 3-FTx-predominant phenotype, where the <i>S. maccelellandi</i> venom was dominated by 3-FTx (32.43%), SVMP (23.63%), PLA<sub>2</sub> (19.88%), and SVSP (12.61%), while the <i>S. kelloggi</i> venom was dominated by 3-FTx (65.81%), LAAO (11.35%), and AMP (10.09%). While both the commercial <i>Naja atra</i> and <i>Bungarus multicinctus</i> antivenoms could immunorecognize these two Chinese coral snake venoms, the <i>N. atra</i> antivenom possessed a higher neutralization capability than the <i>B. multicinctus</i> antivenom for both species of coral snakes. Our findings show significant interspecific variations in the venom profiles of these <i>Sinomicrurus</i> snakes for the first time. We suggest screening or preparing specific antivenoms with high efficiency for the clinical treatment of envenomation caused by these snakes.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/1/19<i>Sinomicrurus kelloggi</i><i>Sinomicrurus maccelellandi</i>diversityvenom yieldproteomecross-reaction |
| spellingShingle | Xiang-Yu Li Ya-Qi Zhang Xin-Ru Qian Hong-Yan Zhao Hong-Liang Lu Jian-Fang Gao First Look at the Venoms of Two <i>Sinomicrurus</i> Snakes: Differences in Yield, Proteomic Profiles, and Immunorecognition by Commercial Antivenoms Toxins <i>Sinomicrurus kelloggi</i> <i>Sinomicrurus maccelellandi</i> diversity venom yield proteome cross-reaction |
| title | First Look at the Venoms of Two <i>Sinomicrurus</i> Snakes: Differences in Yield, Proteomic Profiles, and Immunorecognition by Commercial Antivenoms |
| title_full | First Look at the Venoms of Two <i>Sinomicrurus</i> Snakes: Differences in Yield, Proteomic Profiles, and Immunorecognition by Commercial Antivenoms |
| title_fullStr | First Look at the Venoms of Two <i>Sinomicrurus</i> Snakes: Differences in Yield, Proteomic Profiles, and Immunorecognition by Commercial Antivenoms |
| title_full_unstemmed | First Look at the Venoms of Two <i>Sinomicrurus</i> Snakes: Differences in Yield, Proteomic Profiles, and Immunorecognition by Commercial Antivenoms |
| title_short | First Look at the Venoms of Two <i>Sinomicrurus</i> Snakes: Differences in Yield, Proteomic Profiles, and Immunorecognition by Commercial Antivenoms |
| title_sort | first look at the venoms of two i sinomicrurus i snakes differences in yield proteomic profiles and immunorecognition by commercial antivenoms |
| topic | <i>Sinomicrurus kelloggi</i> <i>Sinomicrurus maccelellandi</i> diversity venom yield proteome cross-reaction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/1/19 |
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