A review of electric vehicle technology: Architectures, battery technology and its management system, relevant standards, application of artificial intelligence, cyber security, and interoperability challenges
Abstract Currently, there is an increased global climate change awareness, and the world is tending towards net zero emissions. The transportation sector is leading in Green House Gas emissions (GHG). Furthermore, the diminishing reserves of fossil fuels, the need for cheaper maintenance vehicles, m...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2023-06-01
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| Series: | IET Electrical Systems in Transportation |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1049/els2.12083 |
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| author | Vincent M. Macharia Vijay K. Garg Dinesh Kumar |
| author_facet | Vincent M. Macharia Vijay K. Garg Dinesh Kumar |
| author_sort | Vincent M. Macharia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Currently, there is an increased global climate change awareness, and the world is tending towards net zero emissions. The transportation sector is leading in Green House Gas emissions (GHG). Furthermore, the diminishing reserves of fossil fuels, the need for cheaper maintenance vehicles, more efficient drive trains, and better performance vehicles presents a challenge in ICE. Electric Vehicles (EVs) offer the perfect mobility solution which can replace the conventional ICE in the near future. This article comprehensively reviews the components and advances in the various technologies employed in electric vehicles to achieve efficiency in motion and optimise energy management in electric vehicles. This article gives an analysis of the current EV scenario globally. It then details the different configurations of electric vehicle architectures available. The battery is discussed, and the various electrochemical technologies are analysed. Battery Management Systems (BMS) to efficiently manage energy are discussed. The charging methods, voltage levels, and relevant standards are outlined in detail. The traction motors and power conversion technologies are reported with advancements in electric vehicle applications. Furthermore, this article gives a comprehensive overview of various emerging technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning (ML), to improve EVs' performance through digitalisation. On the other hand, cybersecurity has become an ever‐challenging issue in EVs due to the increasing use of digital technologies. This article thoroughly overviews cybersecurity challenges in EV applications and explains possible proactive measures. Interoperability arising from various EV manufacturers' many different charging designs is discussed. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-892f4f1fb7134a36b70624bf919b6e74 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2042-9738 2042-9746 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IET Electrical Systems in Transportation |
| spelling | doaj-art-892f4f1fb7134a36b70624bf919b6e742025-02-03T06:45:37ZengWileyIET Electrical Systems in Transportation2042-97382042-97462023-06-01132n/an/a10.1049/els2.12083A review of electric vehicle technology: Architectures, battery technology and its management system, relevant standards, application of artificial intelligence, cyber security, and interoperability challengesVincent M. Macharia0Vijay K. Garg1Dinesh Kumar2Electrical Engineering Department UIET Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra IndiaElectrical Engineering Department UIET Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra IndiaGlobal Research & Development Center Danfoss Drives A/S Grasten DenmarkAbstract Currently, there is an increased global climate change awareness, and the world is tending towards net zero emissions. The transportation sector is leading in Green House Gas emissions (GHG). Furthermore, the diminishing reserves of fossil fuels, the need for cheaper maintenance vehicles, more efficient drive trains, and better performance vehicles presents a challenge in ICE. Electric Vehicles (EVs) offer the perfect mobility solution which can replace the conventional ICE in the near future. This article comprehensively reviews the components and advances in the various technologies employed in electric vehicles to achieve efficiency in motion and optimise energy management in electric vehicles. This article gives an analysis of the current EV scenario globally. It then details the different configurations of electric vehicle architectures available. The battery is discussed, and the various electrochemical technologies are analysed. Battery Management Systems (BMS) to efficiently manage energy are discussed. The charging methods, voltage levels, and relevant standards are outlined in detail. The traction motors and power conversion technologies are reported with advancements in electric vehicle applications. Furthermore, this article gives a comprehensive overview of various emerging technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning (ML), to improve EVs' performance through digitalisation. On the other hand, cybersecurity has become an ever‐challenging issue in EVs due to the increasing use of digital technologies. This article thoroughly overviews cybersecurity challenges in EV applications and explains possible proactive measures. Interoperability arising from various EV manufacturers' many different charging designs is discussed.https://doi.org/10.1049/els2.12083battery management systemsbattery powered vehiclesDC‐DC power convertorselectric vehicle chargingelectric vehiclesenergy management systems |
| spellingShingle | Vincent M. Macharia Vijay K. Garg Dinesh Kumar A review of electric vehicle technology: Architectures, battery technology and its management system, relevant standards, application of artificial intelligence, cyber security, and interoperability challenges IET Electrical Systems in Transportation battery management systems battery powered vehicles DC‐DC power convertors electric vehicle charging electric vehicles energy management systems |
| title | A review of electric vehicle technology: Architectures, battery technology and its management system, relevant standards, application of artificial intelligence, cyber security, and interoperability challenges |
| title_full | A review of electric vehicle technology: Architectures, battery technology and its management system, relevant standards, application of artificial intelligence, cyber security, and interoperability challenges |
| title_fullStr | A review of electric vehicle technology: Architectures, battery technology and its management system, relevant standards, application of artificial intelligence, cyber security, and interoperability challenges |
| title_full_unstemmed | A review of electric vehicle technology: Architectures, battery technology and its management system, relevant standards, application of artificial intelligence, cyber security, and interoperability challenges |
| title_short | A review of electric vehicle technology: Architectures, battery technology and its management system, relevant standards, application of artificial intelligence, cyber security, and interoperability challenges |
| title_sort | review of electric vehicle technology architectures battery technology and its management system relevant standards application of artificial intelligence cyber security and interoperability challenges |
| topic | battery management systems battery powered vehicles DC‐DC power convertors electric vehicle charging electric vehicles energy management systems |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1049/els2.12083 |
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