Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness from 2021 to 2024: A Guangdong-Based Test-Negative Case–Control Study
Background: The influenza virus’s high mutation rate requires the annual reformulation and administration of the vaccine. Therefore, its vaccine effectiveness (VE) must be evaluated annually. Aim: Estimate the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine and analyze the impact of age, seasonal variations,...
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2024-12-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| author | Liyan Zhu Ying Han Jiahai Lu Jianhao Tan Conghui Liao Cheng Guo Qing He Yajie Qiu Huahua Lu Yue Zhou Jianrui Wei Dandan Hu |
| author_facet | Liyan Zhu Ying Han Jiahai Lu Jianhao Tan Conghui Liao Cheng Guo Qing He Yajie Qiu Huahua Lu Yue Zhou Jianrui Wei Dandan Hu |
| author_sort | Liyan Zhu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: The influenza virus’s high mutation rate requires the annual reformulation and administration of the vaccine. Therefore, its vaccine effectiveness (VE) must be evaluated annually. Aim: Estimate the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine and analyze the impact of age, seasonal variations, and the vaccination to sample collection interval on VE. Methods: The study used a test-negative case–control (TNCC) design to collect data from patients under 18 years of age who presented with acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms and underwent influenza virus testing at a national children’s regional medical center in Guangdong Province between October 2021 and January 2024, spanning three influenza seasons. VE was estimated using unconditional logistic regression. Results: A total of 27,670 patient data entries were analyzed. The VE against all influenza viruses across the three seasons was 37% (95% CI: 31–43), with the lowest VE of 24% (95% CI: 8–37) observed in the 2021–2022 season. In children aged 0.5 to <3 years, the VE was 32% (95% CI: 19–43). The effectiveness for samples collected at intervals of 0.5–2 months, 3–6 months, and over 6 months after vaccination was 39% (95% CI: 32–46), 30% (95% CI: 19–40), and 28% (95% CI: 5–46). Conclusions: Across three influenza seasons, at least one-third of vaccinated individuals were protected from influenza in outpatient settings. Given that children are at high risk, improving vaccination management is recommended, and parents should be encouraged to vaccinate their children before each influenza season. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8758ae30aeeb4e63badc130954024185 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-8758ae30aeeb4e63badc1309540241852025-01-24T13:51:38ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2024-12-01131410.3390/vaccines13010004Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness from 2021 to 2024: A Guangdong-Based Test-Negative Case–Control StudyLiyan Zhu0Ying Han1Jiahai Lu2Jianhao Tan3Conghui Liao4Cheng Guo5Qing He6Yajie Qiu7Huahua Lu8Yue Zhou9Jianrui Wei10Dandan Hu11Department of Child Healthcare, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, ChinaDepartment of Child Healthcare, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaDepartment of Child Healthcare, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaDepartment of Child Healthcare, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, ChinaDepartment of Child Healthcare, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, ChinaDepartment of Child Healthcare, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, ChinaDepartment of Child Healthcare, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, ChinaDepartment of Child Healthcare, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, ChinaDepartment of Child Healthcare, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, ChinaBackground: The influenza virus’s high mutation rate requires the annual reformulation and administration of the vaccine. Therefore, its vaccine effectiveness (VE) must be evaluated annually. Aim: Estimate the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine and analyze the impact of age, seasonal variations, and the vaccination to sample collection interval on VE. Methods: The study used a test-negative case–control (TNCC) design to collect data from patients under 18 years of age who presented with acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms and underwent influenza virus testing at a national children’s regional medical center in Guangdong Province between October 2021 and January 2024, spanning three influenza seasons. VE was estimated using unconditional logistic regression. Results: A total of 27,670 patient data entries were analyzed. The VE against all influenza viruses across the three seasons was 37% (95% CI: 31–43), with the lowest VE of 24% (95% CI: 8–37) observed in the 2021–2022 season. In children aged 0.5 to <3 years, the VE was 32% (95% CI: 19–43). The effectiveness for samples collected at intervals of 0.5–2 months, 3–6 months, and over 6 months after vaccination was 39% (95% CI: 32–46), 30% (95% CI: 19–40), and 28% (95% CI: 5–46). Conclusions: Across three influenza seasons, at least one-third of vaccinated individuals were protected from influenza in outpatient settings. Given that children are at high risk, improving vaccination management is recommended, and parents should be encouraged to vaccinate their children before each influenza season.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/1/4influenzavaccinationtest-negativecase–controlChina |
| spellingShingle | Liyan Zhu Ying Han Jiahai Lu Jianhao Tan Conghui Liao Cheng Guo Qing He Yajie Qiu Huahua Lu Yue Zhou Jianrui Wei Dandan Hu Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness from 2021 to 2024: A Guangdong-Based Test-Negative Case–Control Study Vaccines influenza vaccination test-negative case–control China |
| title | Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness from 2021 to 2024: A Guangdong-Based Test-Negative Case–Control Study |
| title_full | Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness from 2021 to 2024: A Guangdong-Based Test-Negative Case–Control Study |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness from 2021 to 2024: A Guangdong-Based Test-Negative Case–Control Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness from 2021 to 2024: A Guangdong-Based Test-Negative Case–Control Study |
| title_short | Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness from 2021 to 2024: A Guangdong-Based Test-Negative Case–Control Study |
| title_sort | evaluation of influenza vaccine effectiveness from 2021 to 2024 a guangdong based test negative case control study |
| topic | influenza vaccination test-negative case–control China |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/1/4 |
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