Ginsenosides 20R-Rg3 and Rg5 enriched black ginseng inhibits colorectal cancer tumor growth by activating the Akt/Bax/caspase-3 pathway and modulating gut microbiota in mice
Black ginseng (BG) is of great interest for its anti-cancer property. Its detailed mechanism, however, is still lacking. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of ginsenosides 20R-Rg3 and Rg5 enriched BG (Rg3/Rg5-BG), innovatively prepared by low temperature steam-heating process, against col...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Current Research in Food Science |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665927125000097 |
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| author | Peng Yu Weiyin Xu Yanqi Li Zhaoyang Xie Simeng Shao Jianing Liu Ying Wang Long Wang Hongmei Yang |
| author_facet | Peng Yu Weiyin Xu Yanqi Li Zhaoyang Xie Simeng Shao Jianing Liu Ying Wang Long Wang Hongmei Yang |
| author_sort | Peng Yu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Black ginseng (BG) is of great interest for its anti-cancer property. Its detailed mechanism, however, is still lacking. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of ginsenosides 20R-Rg3 and Rg5 enriched BG (Rg3/Rg5-BG), innovatively prepared by low temperature steam-heating process, against colorectal cancer (CRC), and elucidate its potential molecular mechanism. Interestingly, much higher concentrations of rare ginsenosides were detected in this unique BG than those in red ginseng, especially 20R-Rg3 and Rg5, which may contribute to treatment of CRC. As expected, Rg3/Rg5-BG demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in cancer cell viability, along with the induction of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, Rg3/Rg5-BG retarded tumor growth in the model mice, as evidenced by downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and phosphatidyl Akt, and upregulation of the apoptotic proteins Bax, caspase-8, and cleaved caspase-3, enhancing apoptosis of tumor cells. Additionally, Rg3/Rg5-BG treatment improved the gut microbiota and intervened with bacteria associated with cancer development, including increasing beneficial probiotics such as Candidatus_Saccharibacteria and Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis and decreasing pernicious bacteria (Vampirovibrio, Clostridium_XlVb, etc.). Our results manifested for the first time that Rg3/Rg5-BG exerted its anti-cancer effects: through activation of the caspase-3/Bax/Bcl-2 pathway and by altering the gut microbiome composition, thus paving the way for new therapeutic strategies that incorporate natural products in cancer treatment. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-87505a0be4f34063bc81e5d39b38091e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2665-9271 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Current Research in Food Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-87505a0be4f34063bc81e5d39b38091e2025-01-24T04:45:41ZengElsevierCurrent Research in Food Science2665-92712025-01-0110100978Ginsenosides 20R-Rg3 and Rg5 enriched black ginseng inhibits colorectal cancer tumor growth by activating the Akt/Bax/caspase-3 pathway and modulating gut microbiota in micePeng Yu0Weiyin Xu1Yanqi Li2Zhaoyang Xie3Simeng Shao4Jianing Liu5Ying Wang6Long Wang7Hongmei Yang8College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, ChinaCollege of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, ChinaPublic Experimental Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 130117, Changchun, ChinaPublic Experimental Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 130117, Changchun, ChinaPublic Experimental Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 130117, Changchun, ChinaCollege of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, ChinaSchool of Medicine, Changchun Institute of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130600, ChinaPublic Experimental Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 130117, Changchun, ChinaPublic Experimental Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 130117, Changchun, China; Corresponding author. The Public Experimental Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.Black ginseng (BG) is of great interest for its anti-cancer property. Its detailed mechanism, however, is still lacking. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of ginsenosides 20R-Rg3 and Rg5 enriched BG (Rg3/Rg5-BG), innovatively prepared by low temperature steam-heating process, against colorectal cancer (CRC), and elucidate its potential molecular mechanism. Interestingly, much higher concentrations of rare ginsenosides were detected in this unique BG than those in red ginseng, especially 20R-Rg3 and Rg5, which may contribute to treatment of CRC. As expected, Rg3/Rg5-BG demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in cancer cell viability, along with the induction of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, Rg3/Rg5-BG retarded tumor growth in the model mice, as evidenced by downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and phosphatidyl Akt, and upregulation of the apoptotic proteins Bax, caspase-8, and cleaved caspase-3, enhancing apoptosis of tumor cells. Additionally, Rg3/Rg5-BG treatment improved the gut microbiota and intervened with bacteria associated with cancer development, including increasing beneficial probiotics such as Candidatus_Saccharibacteria and Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis and decreasing pernicious bacteria (Vampirovibrio, Clostridium_XlVb, etc.). Our results manifested for the first time that Rg3/Rg5-BG exerted its anti-cancer effects: through activation of the caspase-3/Bax/Bcl-2 pathway and by altering the gut microbiome composition, thus paving the way for new therapeutic strategies that incorporate natural products in cancer treatment.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665927125000097Anti-apoptosisBlack ginsengColorectal cancerRare ginsenosidesGut microbiota |
| spellingShingle | Peng Yu Weiyin Xu Yanqi Li Zhaoyang Xie Simeng Shao Jianing Liu Ying Wang Long Wang Hongmei Yang Ginsenosides 20R-Rg3 and Rg5 enriched black ginseng inhibits colorectal cancer tumor growth by activating the Akt/Bax/caspase-3 pathway and modulating gut microbiota in mice Current Research in Food Science Anti-apoptosis Black ginseng Colorectal cancer Rare ginsenosides Gut microbiota |
| title | Ginsenosides 20R-Rg3 and Rg5 enriched black ginseng inhibits colorectal cancer tumor growth by activating the Akt/Bax/caspase-3 pathway and modulating gut microbiota in mice |
| title_full | Ginsenosides 20R-Rg3 and Rg5 enriched black ginseng inhibits colorectal cancer tumor growth by activating the Akt/Bax/caspase-3 pathway and modulating gut microbiota in mice |
| title_fullStr | Ginsenosides 20R-Rg3 and Rg5 enriched black ginseng inhibits colorectal cancer tumor growth by activating the Akt/Bax/caspase-3 pathway and modulating gut microbiota in mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ginsenosides 20R-Rg3 and Rg5 enriched black ginseng inhibits colorectal cancer tumor growth by activating the Akt/Bax/caspase-3 pathway and modulating gut microbiota in mice |
| title_short | Ginsenosides 20R-Rg3 and Rg5 enriched black ginseng inhibits colorectal cancer tumor growth by activating the Akt/Bax/caspase-3 pathway and modulating gut microbiota in mice |
| title_sort | ginsenosides 20r rg3 and rg5 enriched black ginseng inhibits colorectal cancer tumor growth by activating the akt bax caspase 3 pathway and modulating gut microbiota in mice |
| topic | Anti-apoptosis Black ginseng Colorectal cancer Rare ginsenosides Gut microbiota |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665927125000097 |
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