Biodegradation of S-Triazine Herbicides Under Saline Conditions by <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> PC, a New Halotolerant Bacterial Isolate: Insights into Both the Degradative Pathway and Mechanisms of Tolerance to High Salt Concentrations
In this study, a halotolerant bacterial strain was isolated and identified. This bacterium was confirmed to efficiently degrade s-triazine herbicides under saline conditions. The optimal conditions for the metabolism and growth of this strain were determined through single-factor tests. Furthermore,...
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2025-03-01
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| author | Chunqing Fu Yifan Jiang Bingwen Xu Xinmei Fu Liang Tan Mei Jin |
| author_facet | Chunqing Fu Yifan Jiang Bingwen Xu Xinmei Fu Liang Tan Mei Jin |
| author_sort | Chunqing Fu |
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| description | In this study, a halotolerant bacterial strain was isolated and identified. This bacterium was confirmed to efficiently degrade s-triazine herbicides under saline conditions. The optimal conditions for the metabolism and growth of this strain were determined through single-factor tests. Furthermore, the biodegradation pathways of prometryne (the target compound) by this strain were proposed based on the detection of possible degradation intermediates and genome sequencing analysis. Additionally, a possible halotolerance mechanisms of this strain were also revealed through screening halotolerance-related genes in its genome. The results demonstrated that a halotolerant bacterial strain (designated PC), which completely degraded 20.00 mg/L prometryne within 12 h under saline conditions (30.0 g/L NaCl), was isolated and identified as <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i>. The optimal conditions for the metabolism and growth of the strain PC were identified as follows: yeast extract as the additional carbon source with the concentration of ≥0.1 g/L, NaCl concentration of ≤30.0 g/L, initial pH of 7.0, temperature of 35.0 °C, and shaking speed of ≥160 rpm. Furthermore, the strain PC demonstrated efficient removal of other s-triazine herbicides, including atrazine, ametryne, simetryne, and cyanazine. The strain PC might degrade prometryne through a series of steps, including demethylthiolation, deisopropylamination, deamination, dealkalation, decarboxylation, etc., relying on the relevant functional genes involved in the degradation of s-triazine compounds. Furthermore, the strain PC might tolerate high salinity through the excessive uptake of K<sup>+</sup> into cells, intracellular accumulation of compatible solutes, and production of halophilic enzymes. This study is expected to provide a potentially effective halotolerant bacterium for purifying s-triazine pollutants in saline environments. |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-85b8b3d909c24611995921d91e03ae282025-08-20T02:42:28ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-03-0113364910.3390/microorganisms13030649Biodegradation of S-Triazine Herbicides Under Saline Conditions by <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> PC, a New Halotolerant Bacterial Isolate: Insights into Both the Degradative Pathway and Mechanisms of Tolerance to High Salt ConcentrationsChunqing Fu0Yifan Jiang1Bingwen Xu2Xinmei Fu3Liang Tan4Mei Jin5School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, ChinaSchool of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, ChinaDalian Center for Certification and Food and Drug Control, Technology Innovation Center of Rapid Screening and Traceability for Edible Agricultural Product Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Dalian 116037, ChinaSchool of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, ChinaSchool of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, ChinaSchool of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, ChinaIn this study, a halotolerant bacterial strain was isolated and identified. This bacterium was confirmed to efficiently degrade s-triazine herbicides under saline conditions. The optimal conditions for the metabolism and growth of this strain were determined through single-factor tests. Furthermore, the biodegradation pathways of prometryne (the target compound) by this strain were proposed based on the detection of possible degradation intermediates and genome sequencing analysis. Additionally, a possible halotolerance mechanisms of this strain were also revealed through screening halotolerance-related genes in its genome. The results demonstrated that a halotolerant bacterial strain (designated PC), which completely degraded 20.00 mg/L prometryne within 12 h under saline conditions (30.0 g/L NaCl), was isolated and identified as <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i>. The optimal conditions for the metabolism and growth of the strain PC were identified as follows: yeast extract as the additional carbon source with the concentration of ≥0.1 g/L, NaCl concentration of ≤30.0 g/L, initial pH of 7.0, temperature of 35.0 °C, and shaking speed of ≥160 rpm. Furthermore, the strain PC demonstrated efficient removal of other s-triazine herbicides, including atrazine, ametryne, simetryne, and cyanazine. The strain PC might degrade prometryne through a series of steps, including demethylthiolation, deisopropylamination, deamination, dealkalation, decarboxylation, etc., relying on the relevant functional genes involved in the degradation of s-triazine compounds. Furthermore, the strain PC might tolerate high salinity through the excessive uptake of K<sup>+</sup> into cells, intracellular accumulation of compatible solutes, and production of halophilic enzymes. This study is expected to provide a potentially effective halotolerant bacterium for purifying s-triazine pollutants in saline environments.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/3/649s-triazine herbicidessaline environments<i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> PCbiodegradation pathwayhalotolerance mechanism |
| spellingShingle | Chunqing Fu Yifan Jiang Bingwen Xu Xinmei Fu Liang Tan Mei Jin Biodegradation of S-Triazine Herbicides Under Saline Conditions by <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> PC, a New Halotolerant Bacterial Isolate: Insights into Both the Degradative Pathway and Mechanisms of Tolerance to High Salt Concentrations Microorganisms s-triazine herbicides saline environments <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> PC biodegradation pathway halotolerance mechanism |
| title | Biodegradation of S-Triazine Herbicides Under Saline Conditions by <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> PC, a New Halotolerant Bacterial Isolate: Insights into Both the Degradative Pathway and Mechanisms of Tolerance to High Salt Concentrations |
| title_full | Biodegradation of S-Triazine Herbicides Under Saline Conditions by <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> PC, a New Halotolerant Bacterial Isolate: Insights into Both the Degradative Pathway and Mechanisms of Tolerance to High Salt Concentrations |
| title_fullStr | Biodegradation of S-Triazine Herbicides Under Saline Conditions by <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> PC, a New Halotolerant Bacterial Isolate: Insights into Both the Degradative Pathway and Mechanisms of Tolerance to High Salt Concentrations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biodegradation of S-Triazine Herbicides Under Saline Conditions by <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> PC, a New Halotolerant Bacterial Isolate: Insights into Both the Degradative Pathway and Mechanisms of Tolerance to High Salt Concentrations |
| title_short | Biodegradation of S-Triazine Herbicides Under Saline Conditions by <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> PC, a New Halotolerant Bacterial Isolate: Insights into Both the Degradative Pathway and Mechanisms of Tolerance to High Salt Concentrations |
| title_sort | biodegradation of s triazine herbicides under saline conditions by i paenarthrobacter ureafaciens i pc a new halotolerant bacterial isolate insights into both the degradative pathway and mechanisms of tolerance to high salt concentrations |
| topic | s-triazine herbicides saline environments <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> PC biodegradation pathway halotolerance mechanism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/3/649 |
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