The extent of western lowland gorilla social relationships within and between groups.
The nature of western lowland gorilla social relationships within and between groups is largely understudied, partly due to the challenges of monitoring associations between individuals who live in neighboring groups. In this study, we examined the social relationships of four western lowland gorill...
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2025-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316598 |
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| author | Kristena Cooksey Jake Funkhouser Crickette Sanz Jean Marie Massamba Thierry Fabrice Ebombi Prospère Teberd Gaston Abea Gaeton Mbebouti Kathryn Judson Sean Brogan Colleen Stephens David Morgan |
| author_facet | Kristena Cooksey Jake Funkhouser Crickette Sanz Jean Marie Massamba Thierry Fabrice Ebombi Prospère Teberd Gaston Abea Gaeton Mbebouti Kathryn Judson Sean Brogan Colleen Stephens David Morgan |
| author_sort | Kristena Cooksey |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The nature of western lowland gorilla social relationships within and between groups is largely understudied, partly due to the challenges of monitoring associations between individuals who live in neighboring groups. In this study, we examined the social relationships of four western lowland gorilla groups in the Ndoki landscape of northern Republic of Congo. To do so, we compiled all-occurrence social interaction and silverback nearest neighbor social networks from data collected during daily group follows conducted over several years. We observed a total of 5,923 dyadic all-occurrence social interactions (1,350 ± 489 per group, 138 intergroup interactions) and 54,989 dyadic silverback nearest neighbor associations (13,747 ± 3,963 observations per group, 105 nearest neighbor observations of intergroup partners during group scans). For all groups, we found that males were more social than females, younger individuals were more social than older gorillas, and slightly greater rates of social behaviors were observed during periods of higher fruit availability. While there was a considerable amount of interindividual variation in social behavior, the network of social interactions demonstrated a large extent of social relationships within and between groups. Additionally, we performed simulated network removals to assess the impact on social dynamics. Across all groups and the total population, the removal of blackback and immature individuals markedly decreased the number of intra- and intergroup relationships (>60% decrease). The documented extent of western lowland gorilla social relationships has direct implications for the conservation of species with multi-level social dynamics. Gaining clarity on the ways in which western lowland gorilla groups naturally occur in the wild, not only provides a greater understanding for their conservation, but also offers insights for managing their social dynamics within captive environments. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-83a74cbddef94b47a0ecb90035afab91 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj-art-83a74cbddef94b47a0ecb90035afab912025-02-05T05:32:14ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032025-01-01201e031659810.1371/journal.pone.0316598The extent of western lowland gorilla social relationships within and between groups.Kristena CookseyJake FunkhouserCrickette SanzJean Marie MassambaThierry Fabrice EbombiProspère TeberdGaston AbeaGaeton MbeboutiKathryn JudsonSean BroganColleen StephensDavid MorganThe nature of western lowland gorilla social relationships within and between groups is largely understudied, partly due to the challenges of monitoring associations between individuals who live in neighboring groups. In this study, we examined the social relationships of four western lowland gorilla groups in the Ndoki landscape of northern Republic of Congo. To do so, we compiled all-occurrence social interaction and silverback nearest neighbor social networks from data collected during daily group follows conducted over several years. We observed a total of 5,923 dyadic all-occurrence social interactions (1,350 ± 489 per group, 138 intergroup interactions) and 54,989 dyadic silverback nearest neighbor associations (13,747 ± 3,963 observations per group, 105 nearest neighbor observations of intergroup partners during group scans). For all groups, we found that males were more social than females, younger individuals were more social than older gorillas, and slightly greater rates of social behaviors were observed during periods of higher fruit availability. While there was a considerable amount of interindividual variation in social behavior, the network of social interactions demonstrated a large extent of social relationships within and between groups. Additionally, we performed simulated network removals to assess the impact on social dynamics. Across all groups and the total population, the removal of blackback and immature individuals markedly decreased the number of intra- and intergroup relationships (>60% decrease). The documented extent of western lowland gorilla social relationships has direct implications for the conservation of species with multi-level social dynamics. Gaining clarity on the ways in which western lowland gorilla groups naturally occur in the wild, not only provides a greater understanding for their conservation, but also offers insights for managing their social dynamics within captive environments.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316598 |
| spellingShingle | Kristena Cooksey Jake Funkhouser Crickette Sanz Jean Marie Massamba Thierry Fabrice Ebombi Prospère Teberd Gaston Abea Gaeton Mbebouti Kathryn Judson Sean Brogan Colleen Stephens David Morgan The extent of western lowland gorilla social relationships within and between groups. PLoS ONE |
| title | The extent of western lowland gorilla social relationships within and between groups. |
| title_full | The extent of western lowland gorilla social relationships within and between groups. |
| title_fullStr | The extent of western lowland gorilla social relationships within and between groups. |
| title_full_unstemmed | The extent of western lowland gorilla social relationships within and between groups. |
| title_short | The extent of western lowland gorilla social relationships within and between groups. |
| title_sort | extent of western lowland gorilla social relationships within and between groups |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316598 |
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