Phase Transitions and Structural Evolution of Manganese Ores During High-Temperature Treatment
The aim of this research is to investigate the phase composition and structural peculiarities of complex metamorphic manganese ores from Central Kazakhstan before and after sintering in the temperature range of 600–1200 °C in an air atmosphere. X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electro...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Ruslan Z. Safarov Yerlan A. Baikenov Assemgul K. Zhandildenova Eldar E. Kopishev Ruslan M. Kamatov Jumat B. Kargin H. Sanchez Cornejo Crispin H. W. Barnes Luis De Los Santos Valladares |
| author_facet | Ruslan Z. Safarov Yerlan A. Baikenov Assemgul K. Zhandildenova Eldar E. Kopishev Ruslan M. Kamatov Jumat B. Kargin H. Sanchez Cornejo Crispin H. W. Barnes Luis De Los Santos Valladares |
| author_sort | Ruslan Z. Safarov |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of this research is to investigate the phase composition and structural peculiarities of complex metamorphic manganese ores from Central Kazakhstan before and after sintering in the temperature range of 600–1200 °C in an air atmosphere. X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy were used to analyze changes in elemental and phase composition. In their initial state, according to XRF analysis, the Bogach ore was manganese-rich, with a manganese content of 60.77 wt.%, while the Zhaksy ore contained manganese (44.88 wt.%), silicon (20.85 wt.%), and iron (6.14 wt.%) as its main components. In the Bogach ore samples, manganese content increased from 60.77% to 65.7% as the sintering temperature rose to 1100 °C, while the hausmannite phase (Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) emerged as the dominant phase, comprising 95.77% of the crystalline component at 1200 °C. Conversely, the Zhaksy ore samples displayed a sharp increase in braunite-phase (Mn<sub>7</sub>O<sub>12</sub>Si) content, reaching 83.81% at 1100 °C, alongside significant quartz amorphization. The degree of crystallinity in Bogach ore peaked at 56.2% at 900 °C but declined at higher temperatures due to amorphous phase formation. A surface morphology analysis revealed the transformation of dense, non-uniform particles into porous, granular structures with pronounced recrystallization as the temperature increased. In the Bogach samples, sintering at 900 °C resulted in elongated, needle-like crystalline formations, while at 1200 °C, tetragonal crystals of hausmannite dominated, indicating significant grain growth and recrystallization. For Zhaksy samples, sintering at 1100 °C led to a porous morphology with interconnected grains and microvoids, reflecting enhanced braunite crystallization and quartz amorphization. These findings provide quantitative insights into optimizing manganese oxide phases for industrial applications, such as catalysts and pigments, and emphasize the impact of thermal treatment on phase stability and structural properties. This research contributes to the development of efficient processing technologies for medium-grade manganese ores, aligning with Kazakhstan’s strategic goals in sustainable resource utilization. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-83a6ab0792be4e91a2dad46ef2f1ce95 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-4701 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-83a6ab0792be4e91a2dad46ef2f1ce952025-01-24T13:41:39ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012025-01-011518910.3390/met15010089Phase Transitions and Structural Evolution of Manganese Ores During High-Temperature TreatmentRuslan Z. Safarov0Yerlan A. Baikenov1Assemgul K. Zhandildenova2Eldar E. Kopishev3Ruslan M. Kamatov4Jumat B. Kargin5H. Sanchez Cornejo6Crispin H. W. Barnes7Luis De Los Santos Valladares8Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, KazakhstanDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, KazakhstanDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, KazakhstanDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, KazakhstanDepartment of Science, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, KazakhstanDepartment of Technical Physics, Faculty of Physics and Technical Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, KazakhstanLaboratorio de Cerámicos y Nanomateriales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Ap. Postal 14-0149, Lima 15081, PeruCavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UKCavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UKThe aim of this research is to investigate the phase composition and structural peculiarities of complex metamorphic manganese ores from Central Kazakhstan before and after sintering in the temperature range of 600–1200 °C in an air atmosphere. X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy were used to analyze changes in elemental and phase composition. In their initial state, according to XRF analysis, the Bogach ore was manganese-rich, with a manganese content of 60.77 wt.%, while the Zhaksy ore contained manganese (44.88 wt.%), silicon (20.85 wt.%), and iron (6.14 wt.%) as its main components. In the Bogach ore samples, manganese content increased from 60.77% to 65.7% as the sintering temperature rose to 1100 °C, while the hausmannite phase (Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) emerged as the dominant phase, comprising 95.77% of the crystalline component at 1200 °C. Conversely, the Zhaksy ore samples displayed a sharp increase in braunite-phase (Mn<sub>7</sub>O<sub>12</sub>Si) content, reaching 83.81% at 1100 °C, alongside significant quartz amorphization. The degree of crystallinity in Bogach ore peaked at 56.2% at 900 °C but declined at higher temperatures due to amorphous phase formation. A surface morphology analysis revealed the transformation of dense, non-uniform particles into porous, granular structures with pronounced recrystallization as the temperature increased. In the Bogach samples, sintering at 900 °C resulted in elongated, needle-like crystalline formations, while at 1200 °C, tetragonal crystals of hausmannite dominated, indicating significant grain growth and recrystallization. For Zhaksy samples, sintering at 1100 °C led to a porous morphology with interconnected grains and microvoids, reflecting enhanced braunite crystallization and quartz amorphization. These findings provide quantitative insights into optimizing manganese oxide phases for industrial applications, such as catalysts and pigments, and emphasize the impact of thermal treatment on phase stability and structural properties. This research contributes to the development of efficient processing technologies for medium-grade manganese ores, aligning with Kazakhstan’s strategic goals in sustainable resource utilization.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/15/1/89manganese oresinteringphase transitionshausmannitebraunitequartz |
| spellingShingle | Ruslan Z. Safarov Yerlan A. Baikenov Assemgul K. Zhandildenova Eldar E. Kopishev Ruslan M. Kamatov Jumat B. Kargin H. Sanchez Cornejo Crispin H. W. Barnes Luis De Los Santos Valladares Phase Transitions and Structural Evolution of Manganese Ores During High-Temperature Treatment Metals manganese ore sintering phase transitions hausmannite braunite quartz |
| title | Phase Transitions and Structural Evolution of Manganese Ores During High-Temperature Treatment |
| title_full | Phase Transitions and Structural Evolution of Manganese Ores During High-Temperature Treatment |
| title_fullStr | Phase Transitions and Structural Evolution of Manganese Ores During High-Temperature Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phase Transitions and Structural Evolution of Manganese Ores During High-Temperature Treatment |
| title_short | Phase Transitions and Structural Evolution of Manganese Ores During High-Temperature Treatment |
| title_sort | phase transitions and structural evolution of manganese ores during high temperature treatment |
| topic | manganese ore sintering phase transitions hausmannite braunite quartz |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/15/1/89 |
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