How long does carbon stay in a near-pristine central Amazon forest? An empirical estimate with radiocarbon
<p>Amazon forests play a significant role in the global C cycle by assimilating large amounts of <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span> through photosynthesis and by storing C largely as biomass and soil organic matter. To evaluate the net budget o...
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Copernicus Publications
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Biogeosciences |
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| author | I. Chanca I. Chanca I. Chanca I. Levin S. Trumbore K. Macario K. Macario K. Macario J. Lavric J. Lavric C. A. Quesada A. Carioca de Araújo C. Quaresma Dias Júnior H. van Asperen S. Hammer C. A. Sierra |
| author_facet | I. Chanca I. Chanca I. Chanca I. Levin S. Trumbore K. Macario K. Macario K. Macario J. Lavric J. Lavric C. A. Quesada A. Carioca de Araújo C. Quaresma Dias Júnior H. van Asperen S. Hammer C. A. Sierra |
| author_sort | I. Chanca |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Amazon forests play a significant role in the global C cycle by assimilating large amounts of <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span> through photosynthesis and by storing C largely as biomass and soil organic matter. To evaluate the net budget of C in the Amazon, we must also consider the amplitude and timing of losses of C back to the atmosphere through respiration and biomass burning. One useful timescale metric that integrates such information in terrestrial ecosystems is the transit time of C, defined as the time elapsed between C entering and leaving the ecosystem; the transit time is equivalent to the age of C exiting the ecosystem, which occurs mostly through respiration. We estimated the mean transit time of C for a central Amazon forest based on the C age during ecosystem respiration (ER), taking advantage of the large variations in <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span> in the atmosphere below the forest canopy to estimate the radiocarbon signature of mean ER (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">14</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mtext>ER</mtext></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="156cf134e7d83d564b6f2ff11345897b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-455-2025-ie00001.svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" src="bg-22-455-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) using Keeling and Miller–Tans mixing models. We collected air samples to evaluate changes in the isotopic signature of the main ER sources by estimating the <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">δ</mi><msub><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">13</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mtext>ER</mtext></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="44ccf95a38283f5436a2f558384e4007"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-455-2025-ie00002.svg" width="38pt" height="16pt" src="bg-22-455-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>. We collected air samples in vertical profiles in October 2019 and December 2021 at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) in the central Amazon. Air samples were collected in a diel cycle from two heights below the canopy (4 and 24 m above ground level (a.g.l.)). Afternoon above-canopy samples (79 and 321 m a.g.l.) were collected as the background. For the campaign of October 2019, the mean <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">14</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mtext>ER</mtext></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="2d71f983fa00940192893bb35b3f9993"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-455-2025-ie00003.svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" src="bg-22-455-2025-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ranged from 24 ‰ to 41 ‰ with both Keeling and Miller–Tans methods. In December 2021, mean <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">14</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mtext>ER</mtext></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="38f325a8b46318e0575b491a1c09e12c"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-455-2025-ie00004.svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" src="bg-22-455-2025-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ranged from 53 ‰ to 102 ‰. The <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">δ</mi><msub><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">13</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mtext>ER</mtext></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="a84556e7a28adc0442bd7db619ab3714"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-455-2025-ie00005.svg" width="38pt" height="16pt" src="bg-22-455-2025-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> showed a smaller variation, being <span class="inline-formula">−27.8</span> ‰ <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.3 ‰ in October 2019 and <span class="inline-formula">−29.0</span> ‰ <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.5 ‰ in December 2021. The <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M12" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">14</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mtext>ER</mtext></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="e45ec577ed157af31b15045891cfdfe9"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-455-2025-ie00006.svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" src="bg-22-455-2025-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> estimates were compared with the record of atmospheric radiocarbon from the bomb period, providing estimates of mean transit time of 6 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 2 years for 2019 and 18 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 4 years for 2021. In contrast to steady-state carbon balance models that predict constant mean transit times, these results suggest an important level of variation in mean transit times. We discuss these results in the context of previous model-based estimates of mean transit time for<span id="page456"/> tropical forests and the Amazon region. In addition, we discuss previous studies that indicate that approximately 70 % of assimilated carbon is respired as autotrophic respiration in the central Amazon. Our results suggest that newly fixed carbon in this terra firme tropical forest is respired within 1 to 2 decades, implying that only a fraction of assimilated C can act as a sink for decades or longer.</p> |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-82cd6b2b825647bb8bc97a4b103ab9cb |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1726-4170 1726-4189 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biogeosciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-82cd6b2b825647bb8bc97a4b103ab9cb2025-01-28T08:04:14ZengCopernicus PublicationsBiogeosciences1726-41701726-41892025-01-012245547210.5194/bg-22-455-2025How long does carbon stay in a near-pristine central Amazon forest? An empirical estimate with radiocarbonI. Chanca0I. Chanca1I. Chanca2I. Levin3S. Trumbore4K. Macario5K. Macario6K. Macario7J. Lavric8J. Lavric9C. A. Quesada10A. Carioca de Araújo11C. Quaresma Dias Júnior12H. van Asperen13S. Hammer14C. A. Sierra15Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, GermanyLaboratório de Radiocarbono, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, BrazilLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceInstitute of Environmental Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, GermanyLaboratório de Radiocarbono, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, BrazilGraduate Program in Geosciences (Geochemistry), Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, BrazilGraduate Program in Physics, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, BrazilDepartment of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, GermanyEnvironmental Division, Acoem GmbH, Hallbergmoos, GermanyCoordination of Environmental Dynamics, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, BrazilEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Amazônia Oriental, Belém, BrazilInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Belém, BrazilDepartment of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, GermanyInstitute of Environmental Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany<p>Amazon forests play a significant role in the global C cycle by assimilating large amounts of <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span> through photosynthesis and by storing C largely as biomass and soil organic matter. To evaluate the net budget of C in the Amazon, we must also consider the amplitude and timing of losses of C back to the atmosphere through respiration and biomass burning. One useful timescale metric that integrates such information in terrestrial ecosystems is the transit time of C, defined as the time elapsed between C entering and leaving the ecosystem; the transit time is equivalent to the age of C exiting the ecosystem, which occurs mostly through respiration. We estimated the mean transit time of C for a central Amazon forest based on the C age during ecosystem respiration (ER), taking advantage of the large variations in <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span> in the atmosphere below the forest canopy to estimate the radiocarbon signature of mean ER (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">14</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mtext>ER</mtext></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="156cf134e7d83d564b6f2ff11345897b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-455-2025-ie00001.svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" src="bg-22-455-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) using Keeling and Miller–Tans mixing models. We collected air samples to evaluate changes in the isotopic signature of the main ER sources by estimating the <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">δ</mi><msub><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">13</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mtext>ER</mtext></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="44ccf95a38283f5436a2f558384e4007"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-455-2025-ie00002.svg" width="38pt" height="16pt" src="bg-22-455-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>. We collected air samples in vertical profiles in October 2019 and December 2021 at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) in the central Amazon. Air samples were collected in a diel cycle from two heights below the canopy (4 and 24 m above ground level (a.g.l.)). Afternoon above-canopy samples (79 and 321 m a.g.l.) were collected as the background. For the campaign of October 2019, the mean <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">14</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mtext>ER</mtext></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="2d71f983fa00940192893bb35b3f9993"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-455-2025-ie00003.svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" src="bg-22-455-2025-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ranged from 24 ‰ to 41 ‰ with both Keeling and Miller–Tans methods. In December 2021, mean <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">14</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mtext>ER</mtext></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="38f325a8b46318e0575b491a1c09e12c"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-455-2025-ie00004.svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" src="bg-22-455-2025-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ranged from 53 ‰ to 102 ‰. The <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">δ</mi><msub><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">13</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mtext>ER</mtext></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="a84556e7a28adc0442bd7db619ab3714"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-455-2025-ie00005.svg" width="38pt" height="16pt" src="bg-22-455-2025-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> showed a smaller variation, being <span class="inline-formula">−27.8</span> ‰ <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.3 ‰ in October 2019 and <span class="inline-formula">−29.0</span> ‰ <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.5 ‰ in December 2021. The <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M12" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msub><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">14</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mtext>ER</mtext></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="e45ec577ed157af31b15045891cfdfe9"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-455-2025-ie00006.svg" width="39pt" height="16pt" src="bg-22-455-2025-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> estimates were compared with the record of atmospheric radiocarbon from the bomb period, providing estimates of mean transit time of 6 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 2 years for 2019 and 18 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 4 years for 2021. In contrast to steady-state carbon balance models that predict constant mean transit times, these results suggest an important level of variation in mean transit times. We discuss these results in the context of previous model-based estimates of mean transit time for<span id="page456"/> tropical forests and the Amazon region. In addition, we discuss previous studies that indicate that approximately 70 % of assimilated carbon is respired as autotrophic respiration in the central Amazon. Our results suggest that newly fixed carbon in this terra firme tropical forest is respired within 1 to 2 decades, implying that only a fraction of assimilated C can act as a sink for decades or longer.</p>https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/22/455/2025/bg-22-455-2025.pdf |
| spellingShingle | I. Chanca I. Chanca I. Chanca I. Levin S. Trumbore K. Macario K. Macario K. Macario J. Lavric J. Lavric C. A. Quesada A. Carioca de Araújo C. Quaresma Dias Júnior H. van Asperen S. Hammer C. A. Sierra How long does carbon stay in a near-pristine central Amazon forest? An empirical estimate with radiocarbon Biogeosciences |
| title | How long does carbon stay in a near-pristine central Amazon forest? An empirical estimate with radiocarbon |
| title_full | How long does carbon stay in a near-pristine central Amazon forest? An empirical estimate with radiocarbon |
| title_fullStr | How long does carbon stay in a near-pristine central Amazon forest? An empirical estimate with radiocarbon |
| title_full_unstemmed | How long does carbon stay in a near-pristine central Amazon forest? An empirical estimate with radiocarbon |
| title_short | How long does carbon stay in a near-pristine central Amazon forest? An empirical estimate with radiocarbon |
| title_sort | how long does carbon stay in a near pristine central amazon forest an empirical estimate with radiocarbon |
| url | https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/22/455/2025/bg-22-455-2025.pdf |
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