Cardiovascular risk profiling among South Asian adults in Hong Kong: a latent class analysis
Abstract Background South Asians living in urbanized settings are facing disproportionate cardiovascular burden largely attributable to modifiable risk factors. Given the rapid surge in South Asian population in Hong Kong, this study aims to identify and distinguish clusters of cardiovascular risk p...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2025-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal for Equity in Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-025-02376-8 |
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| author | Gary Ka-Ki Chung Woohyung Lee Danna Camille Vargas Bulbul Sharma Kai Sing Sun Heidi Hung Lee Sha Tong Tsz Lui Tang Hasiba Munir Chi Yui Wong Soniya Pun Man Hin Chio Eliza Lai-Yi Wong Dong Dong Eng-Kiong Yeoh |
| author_facet | Gary Ka-Ki Chung Woohyung Lee Danna Camille Vargas Bulbul Sharma Kai Sing Sun Heidi Hung Lee Sha Tong Tsz Lui Tang Hasiba Munir Chi Yui Wong Soniya Pun Man Hin Chio Eliza Lai-Yi Wong Dong Dong Eng-Kiong Yeoh |
| author_sort | Gary Ka-Ki Chung |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background South Asians living in urbanized settings are facing disproportionate cardiovascular burden largely attributable to modifiable risk factors. Given the rapid surge in South Asian population in Hong Kong, this study aims to identify and distinguish clusters of cardiovascular risk profiles among community-dwelling South Asian adults. Methods Between June 2022 and December 2023, 1181 South Asian adults were recruited through territory-wide outreach health assessments on lifestyle, psychological distress, obesity, clinical cardiovascular conditions, and sociodemographic factors. Latent class analysis was performed to classify the cardiovascular profiles, followed by multinomial logistic regression to identify the sociodemographic characteristics across classes. Results Five latent classes were identified: low risk (19.6%), lifestyle risk plus distress (8.9%), obesity risk (33.4%), lifestyle risk plus distress with obesity (26.6%), and high clinical risk (11.4%). Apart from the higher clinical risk in older adults, women tended to cluster into classes with obesity, while men and the economically active were more likely in classes with poorer lifestyles and stress. Pakistani and Nepalese consistently exhibited higher risks compared to Indians, whereas the less educated tended to cluster into the high clinical risk class. Conclusion This study revealed distinct cardiovascular risk patterns and sociodemographic features within the South Asian community in Hong Kong. The heavy burden on obesity especially in women, lifestyle and psychological risks especially in men, and low overall physical activity level may be translated into a tremendous cardiovascular disease burden in the forthcoming decades, in particular among Pakistani and Nepalese as well as the socioeconomically disadvantaged. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-82be3387829f4a4c8f1fa1181024266e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1475-9276 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal for Equity in Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-82be3387829f4a4c8f1fa1181024266e2025-01-19T12:14:18ZengBMCInternational Journal for Equity in Health1475-92762025-01-0124111010.1186/s12939-025-02376-8Cardiovascular risk profiling among South Asian adults in Hong Kong: a latent class analysisGary Ka-Ki Chung0Woohyung Lee1Danna Camille Vargas2Bulbul Sharma3Kai Sing Sun4Heidi Hung5Lee Sha Tong6Tsz Lui Tang7Hasiba Munir8Chi Yui Wong9Soniya Pun10Man Hin Chio11Eliza Lai-Yi Wong12Dong Dong13Eng-Kiong Yeoh14JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongJC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongAbstract Background South Asians living in urbanized settings are facing disproportionate cardiovascular burden largely attributable to modifiable risk factors. Given the rapid surge in South Asian population in Hong Kong, this study aims to identify and distinguish clusters of cardiovascular risk profiles among community-dwelling South Asian adults. Methods Between June 2022 and December 2023, 1181 South Asian adults were recruited through territory-wide outreach health assessments on lifestyle, psychological distress, obesity, clinical cardiovascular conditions, and sociodemographic factors. Latent class analysis was performed to classify the cardiovascular profiles, followed by multinomial logistic regression to identify the sociodemographic characteristics across classes. Results Five latent classes were identified: low risk (19.6%), lifestyle risk plus distress (8.9%), obesity risk (33.4%), lifestyle risk plus distress with obesity (26.6%), and high clinical risk (11.4%). Apart from the higher clinical risk in older adults, women tended to cluster into classes with obesity, while men and the economically active were more likely in classes with poorer lifestyles and stress. Pakistani and Nepalese consistently exhibited higher risks compared to Indians, whereas the less educated tended to cluster into the high clinical risk class. Conclusion This study revealed distinct cardiovascular risk patterns and sociodemographic features within the South Asian community in Hong Kong. The heavy burden on obesity especially in women, lifestyle and psychological risks especially in men, and low overall physical activity level may be translated into a tremendous cardiovascular disease burden in the forthcoming decades, in particular among Pakistani and Nepalese as well as the socioeconomically disadvantaged.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-025-02376-8South AsianCardiovascular riskObesityLatent class analysisDemographicSocioeconomic |
| spellingShingle | Gary Ka-Ki Chung Woohyung Lee Danna Camille Vargas Bulbul Sharma Kai Sing Sun Heidi Hung Lee Sha Tong Tsz Lui Tang Hasiba Munir Chi Yui Wong Soniya Pun Man Hin Chio Eliza Lai-Yi Wong Dong Dong Eng-Kiong Yeoh Cardiovascular risk profiling among South Asian adults in Hong Kong: a latent class analysis International Journal for Equity in Health South Asian Cardiovascular risk Obesity Latent class analysis Demographic Socioeconomic |
| title | Cardiovascular risk profiling among South Asian adults in Hong Kong: a latent class analysis |
| title_full | Cardiovascular risk profiling among South Asian adults in Hong Kong: a latent class analysis |
| title_fullStr | Cardiovascular risk profiling among South Asian adults in Hong Kong: a latent class analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cardiovascular risk profiling among South Asian adults in Hong Kong: a latent class analysis |
| title_short | Cardiovascular risk profiling among South Asian adults in Hong Kong: a latent class analysis |
| title_sort | cardiovascular risk profiling among south asian adults in hong kong a latent class analysis |
| topic | South Asian Cardiovascular risk Obesity Latent class analysis Demographic Socioeconomic |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-025-02376-8 |
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