Sex-related association between smoke exposure and gallstones in a US population: a cross-sectional study
Abstract Background Cholelithiasis are a condition that creates an economic and medical burden on society, and women are more susceptible to gallbladder stones. However, the effect of smoking on the development of gallstones remains controversial. No studies, to our knowledge, have discussed the ass...
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-21173-6 |
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| author | Xingyong Huang Xuanyu Hao Tingting Wang Xiaoyue Zhang Peng Wu Lufan Shen Yuanyuan Yang Wanchuan Zhang Kai Zhang |
| author_facet | Xingyong Huang Xuanyu Hao Tingting Wang Xiaoyue Zhang Peng Wu Lufan Shen Yuanyuan Yang Wanchuan Zhang Kai Zhang |
| author_sort | Xingyong Huang |
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| description | Abstract Background Cholelithiasis are a condition that creates an economic and medical burden on society, and women are more susceptible to gallbladder stones. However, the effect of smoking on the development of gallstones remains controversial. No studies, to our knowledge, have discussed the association between smoke exposure and gallstones separately in men and women. We evaluated the association between smoking and gallstones in both sexes. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2017 to March 2020. The analysis was limited to individuals aged ≥ 20 years with complete information available. Self-reported smoking status, serum cotinine concentration, and self-reported gallstones conditions were combined to analyze the association of gallstones with smoking and cotinine concentration. Results Of the 6,982 participants, a total of 6.2% (212) men and 14.5% (512) women reported having gallstones. Logistic regression analysis showed smoking and high serum cotinine level were risk factors associated with gallstones among women, both in the model 1 (current smoker: odds ratio [OR] = 1.563, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.044–2.339, p = 0.032; former smoker: OR = 1.434, 95% CI = 1.116–1.842, p = 0.007; cotinine ≥ 3 ng/mL: OR = 1.800, 95% CI = 1.247–2.596, p = 0.005; and cotinine 0.05–2.99 ng/mL: OR = 1.640, 95% CI = 1.188–2.263, p = 0.005) and model 2 (current smoker: OR = 1.588, 95% CI = 1.015–2.483, p = 0.044; cotinine ≥ 3 ng/mL: OR = 1.825; 95% CI = 1.181–2.821, p = 0.011; and cotinine 0.05–2.99 ng/mL: OR = 1.509, 95% CI = 1.075–2.126, p = 0.022). However, the association was statistically insignificant in men. The subgroup analysis showed the robustness of the association. Conclusions This study indicates smoking and elevated serum cotinine levels may be risk factors associated with the development of gallstones. Notably, the associations were specifically observed among women. The findings suggest the significance of smoking in the incidence of gallstones, which may potentially provide insights for future research on strategies to prevent gallstones, particularly among women. The validation of these findings necessitates the conduction of large-scale, high-quality prospective studies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-82864fa3cd12447cb0f3b196de3a8653 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2458 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-82864fa3cd12447cb0f3b196de3a86532025-02-02T12:46:05ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582025-01-0125111510.1186/s12889-024-21173-6Sex-related association between smoke exposure and gallstones in a US population: a cross-sectional studyXingyong Huang0Xuanyu Hao1Tingting Wang2Xiaoyue Zhang3Peng Wu4Lufan Shen5Yuanyuan Yang6Wanchuan Zhang7Kai Zhang8Department of Gastroenterology, Endoscopic Center, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive, Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastroenterology, Endoscopic Center, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive, Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastroenterology, Endoscopic Center, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive, Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastroenterology, Endoscopic Center, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive, Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastroenterology, Endoscopic Center, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive, Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastroenterology, Endoscopic Center, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive, Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastroenterology, Endoscopic Center, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive, Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastroenterology, Endoscopic Center, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive, Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastroenterology, Endoscopic Center, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive, Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityAbstract Background Cholelithiasis are a condition that creates an economic and medical burden on society, and women are more susceptible to gallbladder stones. However, the effect of smoking on the development of gallstones remains controversial. No studies, to our knowledge, have discussed the association between smoke exposure and gallstones separately in men and women. We evaluated the association between smoking and gallstones in both sexes. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2017 to March 2020. The analysis was limited to individuals aged ≥ 20 years with complete information available. Self-reported smoking status, serum cotinine concentration, and self-reported gallstones conditions were combined to analyze the association of gallstones with smoking and cotinine concentration. Results Of the 6,982 participants, a total of 6.2% (212) men and 14.5% (512) women reported having gallstones. Logistic regression analysis showed smoking and high serum cotinine level were risk factors associated with gallstones among women, both in the model 1 (current smoker: odds ratio [OR] = 1.563, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.044–2.339, p = 0.032; former smoker: OR = 1.434, 95% CI = 1.116–1.842, p = 0.007; cotinine ≥ 3 ng/mL: OR = 1.800, 95% CI = 1.247–2.596, p = 0.005; and cotinine 0.05–2.99 ng/mL: OR = 1.640, 95% CI = 1.188–2.263, p = 0.005) and model 2 (current smoker: OR = 1.588, 95% CI = 1.015–2.483, p = 0.044; cotinine ≥ 3 ng/mL: OR = 1.825; 95% CI = 1.181–2.821, p = 0.011; and cotinine 0.05–2.99 ng/mL: OR = 1.509, 95% CI = 1.075–2.126, p = 0.022). However, the association was statistically insignificant in men. The subgroup analysis showed the robustness of the association. Conclusions This study indicates smoking and elevated serum cotinine levels may be risk factors associated with the development of gallstones. Notably, the associations were specifically observed among women. The findings suggest the significance of smoking in the incidence of gallstones, which may potentially provide insights for future research on strategies to prevent gallstones, particularly among women. The validation of these findings necessitates the conduction of large-scale, high-quality prospective studies.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-21173-6SmokeCotinineGallstonesSex differences |
| spellingShingle | Xingyong Huang Xuanyu Hao Tingting Wang Xiaoyue Zhang Peng Wu Lufan Shen Yuanyuan Yang Wanchuan Zhang Kai Zhang Sex-related association between smoke exposure and gallstones in a US population: a cross-sectional study BMC Public Health Smoke Cotinine Gallstones Sex differences |
| title | Sex-related association between smoke exposure and gallstones in a US population: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Sex-related association between smoke exposure and gallstones in a US population: a cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Sex-related association between smoke exposure and gallstones in a US population: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sex-related association between smoke exposure and gallstones in a US population: a cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Sex-related association between smoke exposure and gallstones in a US population: a cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | sex related association between smoke exposure and gallstones in a us population a cross sectional study |
| topic | Smoke Cotinine Gallstones Sex differences |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-21173-6 |
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