Plants have two minds as we do

This discussion paper carefully analyzes the cognition-related theories proposed for behavioral economics, to expand the concepts from human behaviors to those of plants. Behavioral economists analyze the roles of the intuitive sense and the rational thoughts affecting the human behavior, by employi...

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Main Authors: Tomonori Kawano, Yoshiaki Ushifusa, Stefano Mancuso, Frantisek Baluška, Lucia Sylvain-Bonfanti, Delphine Arbelet-Bonnin, François Bouteau
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:Plant Signaling & Behavior
Subjects:
Online Access:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2025.2474895
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author Tomonori Kawano
Yoshiaki Ushifusa
Stefano Mancuso
Frantisek Baluška
Lucia Sylvain-Bonfanti
Delphine Arbelet-Bonnin
François Bouteau
author_facet Tomonori Kawano
Yoshiaki Ushifusa
Stefano Mancuso
Frantisek Baluška
Lucia Sylvain-Bonfanti
Delphine Arbelet-Bonnin
François Bouteau
author_sort Tomonori Kawano
collection DOAJ
description This discussion paper carefully analyzes the cognition-related theories proposed for behavioral economics, to expand the concepts from human behaviors to those of plants. Behavioral economists analyze the roles of the intuitive sense and the rational thoughts affecting the human behavior, by employing the psychology-based models such as Two Minds theory (TMT) highlighting intuitive rapid thoughts (System 1) and rational slower thoughts (System 2) and Prospect theory (PT) with probability (p)-weighting functions explaining the human tendencies to overrate the low p events and to underrate the high p events. There are similarities between non-consciously processed System 1 (of TMT) and overweighing of low-p events (as in PT) and also, between the consciously processed System 2 (of TMT) and underrating of high-p events (as in PT). While most known p-weighting mathematical models employed single functions, we propose a pair of Hill-type functions reflecting the collective behaviors of two types of automata corresponding to intuition (System 1) and rationality (System 2), as a metaphor to the natural light processing in layered plant leaves. Then, the model was applied to two different TMT/PT-related behaviors, namely, preference reversal and habituation. Furthermore, we highlight the behaviors of plants through the above conceptual frameworks implying that plants behave as if they have Two Minds. Lastly, the possible evolutionary origins of the nature of Two Minds are discussed.
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spelling doaj-art-81f6827782024c1e887d984844b50d2d2025-08-20T01:51:30ZengTaylor & Francis GroupPlant Signaling & Behavior1559-23161559-23242025-12-0120110.1080/15592324.2025.24748952474895Plants have two minds as we doTomonori Kawano0Yoshiaki Ushifusa1Stefano Mancuso2Frantisek Baluška3Lucia Sylvain-Bonfanti4Delphine Arbelet-Bonnin5François Bouteau6The University of KitakyushuThe University of KitakyushuThe University of KitakyushuUniversity of BonnUniversité Paris-Cité, laboratoire dynamiques sociales et recomposition des espaces (LADYSS UMR 7533)Université de Paris-CitéThe University of KitakyushuThis discussion paper carefully analyzes the cognition-related theories proposed for behavioral economics, to expand the concepts from human behaviors to those of plants. Behavioral economists analyze the roles of the intuitive sense and the rational thoughts affecting the human behavior, by employing the psychology-based models such as Two Minds theory (TMT) highlighting intuitive rapid thoughts (System 1) and rational slower thoughts (System 2) and Prospect theory (PT) with probability (p)-weighting functions explaining the human tendencies to overrate the low p events and to underrate the high p events. There are similarities between non-consciously processed System 1 (of TMT) and overweighing of low-p events (as in PT) and also, between the consciously processed System 2 (of TMT) and underrating of high-p events (as in PT). While most known p-weighting mathematical models employed single functions, we propose a pair of Hill-type functions reflecting the collective behaviors of two types of automata corresponding to intuition (System 1) and rationality (System 2), as a metaphor to the natural light processing in layered plant leaves. Then, the model was applied to two different TMT/PT-related behaviors, namely, preference reversal and habituation. Furthermore, we highlight the behaviors of plants through the above conceptual frameworks implying that plants behave as if they have Two Minds. Lastly, the possible evolutionary origins of the nature of Two Minds are discussed.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2025.2474895plant behaviorprospect theoryprobabilitysubitizingtwo mindsweighting function
spellingShingle Tomonori Kawano
Yoshiaki Ushifusa
Stefano Mancuso
Frantisek Baluška
Lucia Sylvain-Bonfanti
Delphine Arbelet-Bonnin
François Bouteau
Plants have two minds as we do
Plant Signaling & Behavior
plant behavior
prospect theory
probability
subitizing
two minds
weighting function
title Plants have two minds as we do
title_full Plants have two minds as we do
title_fullStr Plants have two minds as we do
title_full_unstemmed Plants have two minds as we do
title_short Plants have two minds as we do
title_sort plants have two minds as we do
topic plant behavior
prospect theory
probability
subitizing
two minds
weighting function
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2025.2474895
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AT luciasylvainbonfanti plantshavetwomindsaswedo
AT delphinearbeletbonnin plantshavetwomindsaswedo
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