Cytokine and Growth Factor Activation In Vivo and In Vitro after Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury results in a life-disrupting series of deleterious interconnected mechanisms encompassed by the primary and secondary injury. These events are mediated by the upregulation of genes with roles in inflammation, transcription, and signaling proteins. In particular, cytokines and grow...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2016-01-01
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| Series: | Mediators of Inflammation |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9476020 |
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| author | Elisa Garcia Jorge Aguilar-Cevallos Raul Silva-Garcia Antonio Ibarra |
| author_facet | Elisa Garcia Jorge Aguilar-Cevallos Raul Silva-Garcia Antonio Ibarra |
| author_sort | Elisa Garcia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Spinal cord injury results in a life-disrupting series of deleterious interconnected mechanisms encompassed by the primary and secondary injury. These events are mediated by the upregulation of genes with roles in inflammation, transcription, and signaling proteins. In particular, cytokines and growth factors are signaling proteins that have important roles in the pathophysiology of SCI. The balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects of these molecules plays a critical role in the progression and outcome of the lesion. The excessive inflammatory Th1 and Th17 phenotypes observed after SCI tilt the scale towards a proinflammatory environment, which exacerbates the deleterious mechanisms present after the injury. These mechanisms include the disruption of the spinal cord blood barrier, edema and ion imbalance, in particular intracellular calcium and sodium concentrations, glutamate excitotoxicity, free radicals, and the inflammatory response contributing to the neurodegenerative process which is characterized by demyelination and apoptosis of neuronal tissue. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-81cdd691919949d999b8c7e16cbdf74d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0962-9351 1466-1861 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2016-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mediators of Inflammation |
| spelling | doaj-art-81cdd691919949d999b8c7e16cbdf74d2025-02-03T01:02:03ZengWileyMediators of Inflammation0962-93511466-18612016-01-01201610.1155/2016/94760209476020Cytokine and Growth Factor Activation In Vivo and In Vitro after Spinal Cord InjuryElisa Garcia0Jorge Aguilar-Cevallos1Raul Silva-Garcia2Antonio Ibarra3Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac, 52786 Huixquilucan, MEX, MexicoFacultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac, 52786 Huixquilucan, MEX, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, 52786 México, MEX, MexicoFacultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac, 52786 Huixquilucan, MEX, MexicoSpinal cord injury results in a life-disrupting series of deleterious interconnected mechanisms encompassed by the primary and secondary injury. These events are mediated by the upregulation of genes with roles in inflammation, transcription, and signaling proteins. In particular, cytokines and growth factors are signaling proteins that have important roles in the pathophysiology of SCI. The balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects of these molecules plays a critical role in the progression and outcome of the lesion. The excessive inflammatory Th1 and Th17 phenotypes observed after SCI tilt the scale towards a proinflammatory environment, which exacerbates the deleterious mechanisms present after the injury. These mechanisms include the disruption of the spinal cord blood barrier, edema and ion imbalance, in particular intracellular calcium and sodium concentrations, glutamate excitotoxicity, free radicals, and the inflammatory response contributing to the neurodegenerative process which is characterized by demyelination and apoptosis of neuronal tissue.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9476020 |
| spellingShingle | Elisa Garcia Jorge Aguilar-Cevallos Raul Silva-Garcia Antonio Ibarra Cytokine and Growth Factor Activation In Vivo and In Vitro after Spinal Cord Injury Mediators of Inflammation |
| title | Cytokine and Growth Factor Activation In Vivo and In Vitro after Spinal Cord Injury |
| title_full | Cytokine and Growth Factor Activation In Vivo and In Vitro after Spinal Cord Injury |
| title_fullStr | Cytokine and Growth Factor Activation In Vivo and In Vitro after Spinal Cord Injury |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cytokine and Growth Factor Activation In Vivo and In Vitro after Spinal Cord Injury |
| title_short | Cytokine and Growth Factor Activation In Vivo and In Vitro after Spinal Cord Injury |
| title_sort | cytokine and growth factor activation in vivo and in vitro after spinal cord injury |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9476020 |
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