Design of Shadow Filter Using Low-Voltage Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers
This paper introduces shadow filters that employ multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs) as the active component. Two configurations of shadow filters are proposed. The first configuration, in contrast to previous designs, enables the adjustment of the quality factor without...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/781 |
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| author | Montree Kumngern Fabian Khateb Tomasz Kulej Natchayathorn Wattikornsirikul |
| author_facet | Montree Kumngern Fabian Khateb Tomasz Kulej Natchayathorn Wattikornsirikul |
| author_sort | Montree Kumngern |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper introduces shadow filters that employ multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs) as the active component. Two configurations of shadow filters are proposed. The first configuration, in contrast to previous designs, enables the adjustment of the quality factor without affecting the passband gains of the BPF, LPF, and HPF, thus achieving optimal frequency responses for these filters. The second configuration allows for the variation of the natural frequency without impacting the passband gains of the HPF, LPF, and BPF, maintaining constant passband gains. Moreover, the natural frequency can be electronically controlled by modifying parameters of the original biquad filters, providing advantages in compensating for process, voltage, and temperature variations. The MI-OTA is designed to provide multiple-input differential terminals using the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MIBD-MOST) technique, allowing differential input signals to be converted into current output through its transconductance gain. The OTA operates at a supply voltage of 450 mV and consumes 81 nW of power, with the MOS transistors operating in weak inversion. The OTA and shadow filters were designed and simulated using a 0.18 µm CMOS process to validate the functionality and performance of the proposed circuits. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8107e85376da473599c3a2670fb0a3df |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-8107e85376da473599c3a2670fb0a3df2025-01-24T13:20:48ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-01-0115278110.3390/app15020781Design of Shadow Filter Using Low-Voltage Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance AmplifiersMontree Kumngern0Fabian Khateb1Tomasz Kulej2Natchayathorn Wattikornsirikul3Department of Telecommunications Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, ThailandDepartment of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology, Technická 10, 601 90 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, PolandDepartment of Aircraft Maintenance Engineering, Faculty of Railway Systems and Transportation, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, ThailandThis paper introduces shadow filters that employ multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs) as the active component. Two configurations of shadow filters are proposed. The first configuration, in contrast to previous designs, enables the adjustment of the quality factor without affecting the passband gains of the BPF, LPF, and HPF, thus achieving optimal frequency responses for these filters. The second configuration allows for the variation of the natural frequency without impacting the passband gains of the HPF, LPF, and BPF, maintaining constant passband gains. Moreover, the natural frequency can be electronically controlled by modifying parameters of the original biquad filters, providing advantages in compensating for process, voltage, and temperature variations. The MI-OTA is designed to provide multiple-input differential terminals using the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MIBD-MOST) technique, allowing differential input signals to be converted into current output through its transconductance gain. The OTA operates at a supply voltage of 450 mV and consumes 81 nW of power, with the MOS transistors operating in weak inversion. The OTA and shadow filters were designed and simulated using a 0.18 µm CMOS process to validate the functionality and performance of the proposed circuits.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/781operational transconductance amplifiershadow filtermultiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistoruniversal filter |
| spellingShingle | Montree Kumngern Fabian Khateb Tomasz Kulej Natchayathorn Wattikornsirikul Design of Shadow Filter Using Low-Voltage Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers Applied Sciences operational transconductance amplifier shadow filter multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor universal filter |
| title | Design of Shadow Filter Using Low-Voltage Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers |
| title_full | Design of Shadow Filter Using Low-Voltage Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers |
| title_fullStr | Design of Shadow Filter Using Low-Voltage Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design of Shadow Filter Using Low-Voltage Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers |
| title_short | Design of Shadow Filter Using Low-Voltage Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers |
| title_sort | design of shadow filter using low voltage multiple input operational transconductance amplifiers |
| topic | operational transconductance amplifier shadow filter multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor universal filter |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/781 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT montreekumngern designofshadowfilterusinglowvoltagemultipleinputoperationaltransconductanceamplifiers AT fabiankhateb designofshadowfilterusinglowvoltagemultipleinputoperationaltransconductanceamplifiers AT tomaszkulej designofshadowfilterusinglowvoltagemultipleinputoperationaltransconductanceamplifiers AT natchayathornwattikornsirikul designofshadowfilterusinglowvoltagemultipleinputoperationaltransconductanceamplifiers |