Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza
Abstract A risk assessment framework was developed to evaluate the zoonotic potential of avian influenza (AI), focusing on virus mutations linked to phenotypic traits related to mammalian adaptation identified in the literature. Virus sequences were screened for the presence of these mutations and t...
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| Language: | English |
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2025-01-01
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| Series: | EFSA Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9191 |
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| author | EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (AHAW) ECDC Julio Alvarez Anette Boklund Sabine Dippel Fernanda Dórea Jordi Figuerola Mette S. Herskin Virginie Michel Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca Eleonora Nannoni Søren Saxmose Nielsen Romolo Nonno Anja B. Riber Jan Arend Stegeman Karl Ståhl Hans‐Hermann Thulke Frank Tuyttens Christoph Winckler Claire Brugerolles Thorsten Wolff Anna Parys Erika Lindh Neus Latorre‐Margalef Marie‐Anne Rameix Welti Ralf Dürrwald Ramona Trebbien Sylvie Van der Werf Magnus Gisslén Isabella Monne Alice Fusaro Claire Guinat Alessio Bortolami Leonidas Alexakis Theresa Enkirch Olov Svartstrom Katriina Willgert Francesca Baldinelli Ludovica Preite Malin Grant Alessandro Broglia Angeliki Melidou |
| author_facet | EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (AHAW) ECDC Julio Alvarez Anette Boklund Sabine Dippel Fernanda Dórea Jordi Figuerola Mette S. Herskin Virginie Michel Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca Eleonora Nannoni Søren Saxmose Nielsen Romolo Nonno Anja B. Riber Jan Arend Stegeman Karl Ståhl Hans‐Hermann Thulke Frank Tuyttens Christoph Winckler Claire Brugerolles Thorsten Wolff Anna Parys Erika Lindh Neus Latorre‐Margalef Marie‐Anne Rameix Welti Ralf Dürrwald Ramona Trebbien Sylvie Van der Werf Magnus Gisslén Isabella Monne Alice Fusaro Claire Guinat Alessio Bortolami Leonidas Alexakis Theresa Enkirch Olov Svartstrom Katriina Willgert Francesca Baldinelli Ludovica Preite Malin Grant Alessandro Broglia Angeliki Melidou |
| author_sort | EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (AHAW) |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract A risk assessment framework was developed to evaluate the zoonotic potential of avian influenza (AI), focusing on virus mutations linked to phenotypic traits related to mammalian adaptation identified in the literature. Virus sequences were screened for the presence of these mutations and their geographical, temporal and subtype‐specific trends. Spillover events to mammals (including humans) and human seroprevalence studies were also reviewed. Thirty‐four mutations associated with five phenotypic traits (increased receptor specificity, haemagglutinin stability, neuraminidase specificity, enhanced polymerase activity and evasion of innate immunity) were shortlisted. AI viruses (AIVs) carrying multiple adaptive mutations and traits belonged to both low and highly pathogenic subtypes, mainly to A(H9N2), A(H7N9), A(H5N6) and A(H3N8), were sporadic and primarily detected in Asia. In the EU/EEA, H5Nx viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b, which have increased opportunities for evolution due to widespread circulation in birds and occasional cases/outbreaks in mammals, have acquired the highest number of zoonotic traits. Adaptive traits, such as enhanced polymerase activity and immune evasion, were frequently acquired, while receptor‐specific mutations remained rare. Globally, human cases remain rare, with the majority overall due to A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N9) and A(H9N2) that are among the subtypes that tend to have a higher number of adaptive traits. The main drivers of mammalian adaptation include virus and host characteristics, and external factors increasing AIV exposure of mammals and humans to wild and domestic birds (e.g. human activities and ecological factors). Comprehensive surveillance of AIVs targeting adaptive mutations with whole genome sequencing in animals and humans is essential for early detection of zoonotic AIVs and efficient implementation of control measures. All preparedness, preventive and control measures must be implemented under a One Health framework and tailored to the setting and the epidemiological situation; in particular, enhanced monitoring, biosecurity, genomic surveillance and global collaboration are critical for mitigating the zoonotic risks of AIV. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7f1cc173073c4fe59d7503d29a096c58 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1831-4732 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | EFSA Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-7f1cc173073c4fe59d7503d29a096c582025-01-31T12:06:04ZengWileyEFSA Journal1831-47322025-01-01231n/an/a10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9191Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenzaEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (AHAW)ECDCJulio Alvarez0Anette Boklund1Sabine Dippel2Fernanda Dórea3Jordi Figuerola4Mette S. Herskin5Virginie Michel6Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca7Eleonora Nannoni8Søren Saxmose Nielsen9Romolo Nonno10Anja B. Riber11Jan Arend Stegeman12Karl Ståhl13Hans‐Hermann Thulke14Frank Tuyttens15Christoph Winckler16Claire Brugerolles17Thorsten Wolff18Anna Parys19Erika Lindh20Neus Latorre‐Margalef21Marie‐Anne Rameix Welti22Ralf Dürrwald23Ramona Trebbien24Sylvie Van der Werf25Magnus Gisslén26Isabella Monne27Alice Fusaro28Claire Guinat29Alessio Bortolami30Leonidas Alexakis31Theresa Enkirch32Olov Svartstrom33Katriina Willgert34Francesca Baldinelli35Ludovica Preite36Malin Grant37Alessandro Broglia38Angeliki Melidou39EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare membersECDC external expertsECDC external expertsECDC external expertsECDC external expertsECDC external expertsECDC external expertsECDC external expertsECDC external expertsECDC external expertsECDC external expertsEFSA external expertsEFSA external expertsEFSA external expertsEFSA external expertsECDCECDCECDCECDCEFSAEFSAEFSAEFSAECDCAbstract A risk assessment framework was developed to evaluate the zoonotic potential of avian influenza (AI), focusing on virus mutations linked to phenotypic traits related to mammalian adaptation identified in the literature. Virus sequences were screened for the presence of these mutations and their geographical, temporal and subtype‐specific trends. Spillover events to mammals (including humans) and human seroprevalence studies were also reviewed. Thirty‐four mutations associated with five phenotypic traits (increased receptor specificity, haemagglutinin stability, neuraminidase specificity, enhanced polymerase activity and evasion of innate immunity) were shortlisted. AI viruses (AIVs) carrying multiple adaptive mutations and traits belonged to both low and highly pathogenic subtypes, mainly to A(H9N2), A(H7N9), A(H5N6) and A(H3N8), were sporadic and primarily detected in Asia. In the EU/EEA, H5Nx viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b, which have increased opportunities for evolution due to widespread circulation in birds and occasional cases/outbreaks in mammals, have acquired the highest number of zoonotic traits. Adaptive traits, such as enhanced polymerase activity and immune evasion, were frequently acquired, while receptor‐specific mutations remained rare. Globally, human cases remain rare, with the majority overall due to A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N9) and A(H9N2) that are among the subtypes that tend to have a higher number of adaptive traits. The main drivers of mammalian adaptation include virus and host characteristics, and external factors increasing AIV exposure of mammals and humans to wild and domestic birds (e.g. human activities and ecological factors). Comprehensive surveillance of AIVs targeting adaptive mutations with whole genome sequencing in animals and humans is essential for early detection of zoonotic AIVs and efficient implementation of control measures. All preparedness, preventive and control measures must be implemented under a One Health framework and tailored to the setting and the epidemiological situation; in particular, enhanced monitoring, biosecurity, genomic surveillance and global collaboration are critical for mitigating the zoonotic risks of AIV.https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9191avian influenzabirdshighly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)mammalsmutationspreparedness |
| spellingShingle | EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (AHAW) ECDC Julio Alvarez Anette Boklund Sabine Dippel Fernanda Dórea Jordi Figuerola Mette S. Herskin Virginie Michel Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca Eleonora Nannoni Søren Saxmose Nielsen Romolo Nonno Anja B. Riber Jan Arend Stegeman Karl Ståhl Hans‐Hermann Thulke Frank Tuyttens Christoph Winckler Claire Brugerolles Thorsten Wolff Anna Parys Erika Lindh Neus Latorre‐Margalef Marie‐Anne Rameix Welti Ralf Dürrwald Ramona Trebbien Sylvie Van der Werf Magnus Gisslén Isabella Monne Alice Fusaro Claire Guinat Alessio Bortolami Leonidas Alexakis Theresa Enkirch Olov Svartstrom Katriina Willgert Francesca Baldinelli Ludovica Preite Malin Grant Alessandro Broglia Angeliki Melidou Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza EFSA Journal avian influenza birds highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) mammals mutations preparedness |
| title | Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza |
| title_full | Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza |
| title_fullStr | Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza |
| title_short | Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza |
| title_sort | preparedness prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza |
| topic | avian influenza birds highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) mammals mutations preparedness |
| url | https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9191 |
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