Adequacy of the Fogging Test in the Detection of Clinically Significant Hyperopia in School-Aged Children
Purpose. To evaluate the efficacy of the “fogging test,” performed with a +2 diopters (D) lens, in the exclusion of clinically significant hyperopia in school-aged children. Methods. We studied 54 children between 5 and 11 years of age, with 10/10 best-corrected bilateral visual acuity (VA) without...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2019-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Ophthalmology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3267151 |
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| author | João Esteves Leandro Jorge Meira Carla Sofia Ferreira Renato Santos-Silva Paulo Freitas-Costa Augusto Magalhães Jorge Breda Fernando Falcão-Reis |
| author_facet | João Esteves Leandro Jorge Meira Carla Sofia Ferreira Renato Santos-Silva Paulo Freitas-Costa Augusto Magalhães Jorge Breda Fernando Falcão-Reis |
| author_sort | João Esteves Leandro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Purpose. To evaluate the efficacy of the “fogging test,” performed with a +2 diopters (D) lens, in the exclusion of clinically significant hyperopia in school-aged children. Methods. We studied 54 children between 5 and 11 years of age, with 10/10 best-corrected bilateral visual acuity (VA) without significant degree of correction. VA was assessed in each eye with a “bilateral” +2 D sphere over-refraction followed by cycloplegic retinoscopy. The capacity of the test to detect hyperopia of ≥+2 D and ≥+1.5 D was evaluated by examining the respective receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and sensitivity and specificity values for different cutoff values of VA. Results. For the detection of hyperopia ≥+2 D, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.955 (p≤0.001). The VA cutoff with best discriminative capacity was ≥5/10, with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 79%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 57%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%. In respect of ≥+1.5 D hyperopia, the test capacity was lower (AUC = 0.832; p≤0.001). The best VA cutoff was also of ≥5/10, with a PPV of 81% and a NPV of 85%. Conclusion. The accuracy of the test was high for the evaluation of ≥+2 D hyperopia but lower for ≥+1.5 D hyperopia. For the detection of ≥+2 D hyperopia, the VA cutoff of <5/10 may permit the exclusion of clinically significant hyperopia in selected children, without the need for cycloplegia. For the same cutoff, the PPV was low, meaning that in children with ≥5/10 VA cycloplegic refraction remains obligatory. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7eac64fe836e4ed1a76ee2d3b7b4a4cf |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2090-004X 2090-0058 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Ophthalmology |
| spelling | doaj-art-7eac64fe836e4ed1a76ee2d3b7b4a4cf2025-02-03T05:50:49ZengWileyJournal of Ophthalmology2090-004X2090-00582019-01-01201910.1155/2019/32671513267151Adequacy of the Fogging Test in the Detection of Clinically Significant Hyperopia in School-Aged ChildrenJoão Esteves Leandro0Jorge Meira1Carla Sofia Ferreira2Renato Santos-Silva3Paulo Freitas-Costa4Augusto Magalhães5Jorge Breda6Fernando Falcão-Reis7Department of Ophthalmology, São João Hospital, Porto, PortugalDepartment of Ophthalmology, São João Hospital, Porto, PortugalDepartment of Ophthalmology, São João Hospital, Porto, PortugalDepartment of Ophthalmology, São João Hospital, Porto, PortugalDepartment of Ophthalmology, São João Hospital, Porto, PortugalDepartment of Ophthalmology, São João Hospital, Porto, PortugalDepartment of Ophthalmology, São João Hospital, Porto, PortugalDepartment of Ophthalmology, São João Hospital, Porto, PortugalPurpose. To evaluate the efficacy of the “fogging test,” performed with a +2 diopters (D) lens, in the exclusion of clinically significant hyperopia in school-aged children. Methods. We studied 54 children between 5 and 11 years of age, with 10/10 best-corrected bilateral visual acuity (VA) without significant degree of correction. VA was assessed in each eye with a “bilateral” +2 D sphere over-refraction followed by cycloplegic retinoscopy. The capacity of the test to detect hyperopia of ≥+2 D and ≥+1.5 D was evaluated by examining the respective receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and sensitivity and specificity values for different cutoff values of VA. Results. For the detection of hyperopia ≥+2 D, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.955 (p≤0.001). The VA cutoff with best discriminative capacity was ≥5/10, with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 79%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 57%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%. In respect of ≥+1.5 D hyperopia, the test capacity was lower (AUC = 0.832; p≤0.001). The best VA cutoff was also of ≥5/10, with a PPV of 81% and a NPV of 85%. Conclusion. The accuracy of the test was high for the evaluation of ≥+2 D hyperopia but lower for ≥+1.5 D hyperopia. For the detection of ≥+2 D hyperopia, the VA cutoff of <5/10 may permit the exclusion of clinically significant hyperopia in selected children, without the need for cycloplegia. For the same cutoff, the PPV was low, meaning that in children with ≥5/10 VA cycloplegic refraction remains obligatory.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3267151 |
| spellingShingle | João Esteves Leandro Jorge Meira Carla Sofia Ferreira Renato Santos-Silva Paulo Freitas-Costa Augusto Magalhães Jorge Breda Fernando Falcão-Reis Adequacy of the Fogging Test in the Detection of Clinically Significant Hyperopia in School-Aged Children Journal of Ophthalmology |
| title | Adequacy of the Fogging Test in the Detection of Clinically Significant Hyperopia in School-Aged Children |
| title_full | Adequacy of the Fogging Test in the Detection of Clinically Significant Hyperopia in School-Aged Children |
| title_fullStr | Adequacy of the Fogging Test in the Detection of Clinically Significant Hyperopia in School-Aged Children |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adequacy of the Fogging Test in the Detection of Clinically Significant Hyperopia in School-Aged Children |
| title_short | Adequacy of the Fogging Test in the Detection of Clinically Significant Hyperopia in School-Aged Children |
| title_sort | adequacy of the fogging test in the detection of clinically significant hyperopia in school aged children |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3267151 |
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