Design and Construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao: Analysis of the Military Treatise and Layout Using Photogrammetry and GIS
Peru constituted the most important Viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire in South America, with the Port of Callao controlling the South Pacific trade routes. Although it was safe in its infancy, Callao suffered coastal attacks leading to its fortification. However, on 28 October 1746, an earthquake an...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Diego Javier Celis-Estrada Pablo Rodriguez-Navarro Teresa Gil-Piqueras |
| author_facet | Diego Javier Celis-Estrada Pablo Rodriguez-Navarro Teresa Gil-Piqueras |
| author_sort | Diego Javier Celis-Estrada |
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| description | Peru constituted the most important Viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire in South America, with the Port of Callao controlling the South Pacific trade routes. Although it was safe in its infancy, Callao suffered coastal attacks leading to its fortification. However, on 28 October 1746, an earthquake and tidal wave devastated the port, leading to its relocation and the construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao, the South Pacific’s most significant fortification. The fortress was based on 18th century military conceptions adapted to the specific conditions of the coastal lands of the Peruvian Viceroyalty, such as the lack of stone, the use of adobe, and the frequent earthquakes. This research sought to identify the architectural theories influencing its design, the adaptations necessary for its coastal location, and the underlying mathematical and military concepts. Photogrammetry based techniques and a geographic information system (GIS) were used for georeferencing historical planimetry, along with the analysis of historical documents. This allowed us to reconstruct the original design and make evident how European ideas were adjusted to the particularities of the American territory, thus contributing to the improvement of knowledge about Spanish military architecture in America. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7e08a0c9ccf74122a6220818abe777e1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2571-9408 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Heritage |
| spelling | doaj-art-7e08a0c9ccf74122a6220818abe777e12025-01-24T13:34:21ZengMDPI AGHeritage2571-94082025-01-01812310.3390/heritage8010023Design and Construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao: Analysis of the Military Treatise and Layout Using Photogrammetry and GISDiego Javier Celis-Estrada0Pablo Rodriguez-Navarro1Teresa Gil-Piqueras2Research Group GIADIPS, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Universidad Privada del Norte, Av. Retablo 570, Comas, Lima 15314, PeruResearch Center in Architecture, Heritage and Management for Sustainable Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, SpainResearch Center in Architecture, Heritage and Management for Sustainable Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, SpainPeru constituted the most important Viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire in South America, with the Port of Callao controlling the South Pacific trade routes. Although it was safe in its infancy, Callao suffered coastal attacks leading to its fortification. However, on 28 October 1746, an earthquake and tidal wave devastated the port, leading to its relocation and the construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao, the South Pacific’s most significant fortification. The fortress was based on 18th century military conceptions adapted to the specific conditions of the coastal lands of the Peruvian Viceroyalty, such as the lack of stone, the use of adobe, and the frequent earthquakes. This research sought to identify the architectural theories influencing its design, the adaptations necessary for its coastal location, and the underlying mathematical and military concepts. Photogrammetry based techniques and a geographic information system (GIS) were used for georeferencing historical planimetry, along with the analysis of historical documents. This allowed us to reconstruct the original design and make evident how European ideas were adjusted to the particularities of the American territory, thus contributing to the improvement of knowledge about Spanish military architecture in America.https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/8/1/23georeferencingViceroyalty of Perufortificationmilitary buildingCallaocultural heritage |
| spellingShingle | Diego Javier Celis-Estrada Pablo Rodriguez-Navarro Teresa Gil-Piqueras Design and Construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao: Analysis of the Military Treatise and Layout Using Photogrammetry and GIS Heritage georeferencing Viceroyalty of Peru fortification military building Callao cultural heritage |
| title | Design and Construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao: Analysis of the Military Treatise and Layout Using Photogrammetry and GIS |
| title_full | Design and Construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao: Analysis of the Military Treatise and Layout Using Photogrammetry and GIS |
| title_fullStr | Design and Construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao: Analysis of the Military Treatise and Layout Using Photogrammetry and GIS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design and Construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao: Analysis of the Military Treatise and Layout Using Photogrammetry and GIS |
| title_short | Design and Construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao: Analysis of the Military Treatise and Layout Using Photogrammetry and GIS |
| title_sort | design and construction of the real felipe fortress of callao analysis of the military treatise and layout using photogrammetry and gis |
| topic | georeferencing Viceroyalty of Peru fortification military building Callao cultural heritage |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/8/1/23 |
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