A new pathogen pattern of acute respiratory tract infections in primary care after COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-center study in southern China
Abstract Background After the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, no studies on bacterial and atypical pathogens were conducted in primary care. We aimed to describe the etiological composition of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) presenting to primary care with limited resources...
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BMC
2025-01-01
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| Series: | BMC Infectious Diseases |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10500-w |
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| author | Heng Zhang Deqi Meng Hao Huang Longhao Feng Yushao Li Yong Jiang Ling Wang Ruoyu Deng Yuchun Sun Binqin Chen Fuzhao Liao Yumei Wu Huancai Zheng Junling Ding Maokun Chen Cui Zeng Wanting Zhao Meng Hou Yinyan Li Zhishen Li Haibo Xia Kai Yang Lingwei Wang |
| author_facet | Heng Zhang Deqi Meng Hao Huang Longhao Feng Yushao Li Yong Jiang Ling Wang Ruoyu Deng Yuchun Sun Binqin Chen Fuzhao Liao Yumei Wu Huancai Zheng Junling Ding Maokun Chen Cui Zeng Wanting Zhao Meng Hou Yinyan Li Zhishen Li Haibo Xia Kai Yang Lingwei Wang |
| author_sort | Heng Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background After the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, no studies on bacterial and atypical pathogens were conducted in primary care. We aimed to describe the etiological composition of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) presenting to primary care with limited resources after the pandemic. Methods 1958 adult patients with ARTIs from 17 primary care clinics were recruited prospectively from January 2024 to March 2024. 17 and 62 pathogens in throat swab samples were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS), respectively. We analyzed the pathogen spectrum and co-infectious pattern of viral, bacterial or atypical pathogens. Then, the associations between clinical characteristics and pathogens were investigated. Results In PCR test, the positive rate of any pathogens was 80.3%, consisting of 60.2% for viruses, 41.8% for bacteria and 21.7% for viral-bacterial co-infection. In tNGS test, the positive rate was 89.1%, consisting of 64.7% for viruses, 55.2% for bacteria and 30.9% for viral-bacterial co-infection. Influenza virus B (18.2%), influenza virus A (16.8%) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (14.1%) were the three leading viral pathogens, and H. influenzae (36.1%), S. anginosus (15.7%) and S. pneumoniae (8.4%) were the three leading bacterial pathogens. Few M. pneumoniae (1.6%) were detected. The mixed bacterial or mixed viral-bacterial co-infections were the most common co-infectious patterns. The mixed bacterial or mixed viral-bacterial co-infections were the most common co-infectious patterns. Overall, patients with viral infection or viral-bacterial co-infection had more clinical symptoms, and patients with bacterial infection had higher inflammatory indicators. Conclusions After the COVID-19 pandemic, the main viral pathogens of ARTIs were unevenly distributed, and less bacterial and atypical pathogens were detected in primary care. The microbiological evidences can optimize the precision diagnosis and treatment of ARTIs in primary care with limited resources. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7c5d09189d6f40c4b5b80960ced31ee0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2334 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Infectious Diseases |
| spelling | doaj-art-7c5d09189d6f40c4b5b80960ced31ee02025-01-26T12:16:58ZengBMCBMC Infectious Diseases1471-23342025-01-0125111010.1186/s12879-025-10500-wA new pathogen pattern of acute respiratory tract infections in primary care after COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-center study in southern ChinaHeng Zhang0Deqi Meng1Hao Huang2Longhao Feng3Yushao Li4Yong Jiang5Ling Wang6Ruoyu Deng7Yuchun Sun8Binqin Chen9Fuzhao Liao10Yumei Wu11Huancai Zheng12Junling Ding13Maokun Chen14Cui Zeng15Wanting Zhao16Meng Hou17Yinyan Li18Zhishen Li19Haibo Xia20Kai Yang21Lingwei Wang22Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and TechnologyNanling Community Health Service Center, the Fourth People’s Hospital of Shenzhen Longgang DistrictCommunity Health Management Office, Longgang District Sixth People’s HospitalNanling Community Health Service Center, the Fourth People’s Hospital of Shenzhen Longgang DistrictNanlian Community Health Service Center, Shenzhen Longgang Central HospitalDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineMaanshan Community Health Service Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineMinle Community Health Service Center, the People’s Hospital of Longhua ShenzhenBuchong Community Health Service Center, Shenzhen Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine HospitalJingxin Community Health Service Station, Shenzhen Hospital(Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineJulong Garden Community Health Service Center, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedics Hospital (Pingshan District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital)Yadi Sancun Community Health Service Center, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedics Hospital (Pingshan District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital)Tiandong Community Health Service Center, Yantian District People’s HospitalSanxigaoyuan Community Health Service Center, Shenzhen Dapeng New District Medical and Health GroupLiantang Subdistrict Community Health Center, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital GroupUniversity Town East Community Health Service Center, Shenzhen Nanshan Medical Group HeadquartersLongwei Community Health Service Center, the Second People’s Hospital of Futian District ShenzhenKuichong Community Health Service Center, Kuichong People’s HospitalXiaomeisha Community Health Service Center, Shenzhen Yantian District People’s HospitalCuizhu Community Health Service Center, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital GroupXinwei Community Health Service Center, Shenzhen Nanshan Medical Group HeadquartersDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and TechnologyAbstract Background After the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, no studies on bacterial and atypical pathogens were conducted in primary care. We aimed to describe the etiological composition of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) presenting to primary care with limited resources after the pandemic. Methods 1958 adult patients with ARTIs from 17 primary care clinics were recruited prospectively from January 2024 to March 2024. 17 and 62 pathogens in throat swab samples were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS), respectively. We analyzed the pathogen spectrum and co-infectious pattern of viral, bacterial or atypical pathogens. Then, the associations between clinical characteristics and pathogens were investigated. Results In PCR test, the positive rate of any pathogens was 80.3%, consisting of 60.2% for viruses, 41.8% for bacteria and 21.7% for viral-bacterial co-infection. In tNGS test, the positive rate was 89.1%, consisting of 64.7% for viruses, 55.2% for bacteria and 30.9% for viral-bacterial co-infection. Influenza virus B (18.2%), influenza virus A (16.8%) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (14.1%) were the three leading viral pathogens, and H. influenzae (36.1%), S. anginosus (15.7%) and S. pneumoniae (8.4%) were the three leading bacterial pathogens. Few M. pneumoniae (1.6%) were detected. The mixed bacterial or mixed viral-bacterial co-infections were the most common co-infectious patterns. The mixed bacterial or mixed viral-bacterial co-infections were the most common co-infectious patterns. Overall, patients with viral infection or viral-bacterial co-infection had more clinical symptoms, and patients with bacterial infection had higher inflammatory indicators. Conclusions After the COVID-19 pandemic, the main viral pathogens of ARTIs were unevenly distributed, and less bacterial and atypical pathogens were detected in primary care. The microbiological evidences can optimize the precision diagnosis and treatment of ARTIs in primary care with limited resources.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10500-wRespiratory tract infectionsPrimary health carePandemicsVirus infectionsBacterial infectionsCoinfection |
| spellingShingle | Heng Zhang Deqi Meng Hao Huang Longhao Feng Yushao Li Yong Jiang Ling Wang Ruoyu Deng Yuchun Sun Binqin Chen Fuzhao Liao Yumei Wu Huancai Zheng Junling Ding Maokun Chen Cui Zeng Wanting Zhao Meng Hou Yinyan Li Zhishen Li Haibo Xia Kai Yang Lingwei Wang A new pathogen pattern of acute respiratory tract infections in primary care after COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-center study in southern China BMC Infectious Diseases Respiratory tract infections Primary health care Pandemics Virus infections Bacterial infections Coinfection |
| title | A new pathogen pattern of acute respiratory tract infections in primary care after COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-center study in southern China |
| title_full | A new pathogen pattern of acute respiratory tract infections in primary care after COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-center study in southern China |
| title_fullStr | A new pathogen pattern of acute respiratory tract infections in primary care after COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-center study in southern China |
| title_full_unstemmed | A new pathogen pattern of acute respiratory tract infections in primary care after COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-center study in southern China |
| title_short | A new pathogen pattern of acute respiratory tract infections in primary care after COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-center study in southern China |
| title_sort | new pathogen pattern of acute respiratory tract infections in primary care after covid 19 pandemic a multi center study in southern china |
| topic | Respiratory tract infections Primary health care Pandemics Virus infections Bacterial infections Coinfection |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10500-w |
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