Interferon-Stimulated Genes and Immune Metabolites as Broad-Spectrum Biomarkers for Viral Infections
The type I interferon (IFN-I) response is a critical component of the immune defense against various viral pathogens, triggering the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). These ISGs encode proteins with diverse antiviral functions, targeting various stages of viral replicatio...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/1/132 |
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| author | Chien-Hsin Huang Maudry Laurent-Rolle Tyler L. Grove Jack Chun-Chieh Hsu |
| author_facet | Chien-Hsin Huang Maudry Laurent-Rolle Tyler L. Grove Jack Chun-Chieh Hsu |
| author_sort | Chien-Hsin Huang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The type I interferon (IFN-I) response is a critical component of the immune defense against various viral pathogens, triggering the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). These ISGs encode proteins with diverse antiviral functions, targeting various stages of viral replication and restricting infection spread. Beyond their antiviral functions, ISGs and associated immune metabolites have emerged as promising broad-spectrum biomarkers that can differentiate viral infections from other conditions. This review provides an overview of the diagnostic potential of ISGs at transcript and protein levels, as well as their immune metabolites. We focus on their clinical applications and the sensitivity and specificity of these biomarkers through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. We highlight the need for further research to facilitate the effective translation of these biomarkers into clinical practice. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7a2281ee04e3406ca97e5fa7d99b309c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj-art-7a2281ee04e3406ca97e5fa7d99b309c2025-01-24T13:52:41ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152025-01-0117113210.3390/v17010132Interferon-Stimulated Genes and Immune Metabolites as Broad-Spectrum Biomarkers for Viral InfectionsChien-Hsin Huang0Maudry Laurent-Rolle1Tyler L. Grove2Jack Chun-Chieh Hsu3Center for Virus-Host-Innate-Immunity, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USASection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USADepartment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USACenter for Virus-Host-Innate-Immunity, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USAThe type I interferon (IFN-I) response is a critical component of the immune defense against various viral pathogens, triggering the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). These ISGs encode proteins with diverse antiviral functions, targeting various stages of viral replication and restricting infection spread. Beyond their antiviral functions, ISGs and associated immune metabolites have emerged as promising broad-spectrum biomarkers that can differentiate viral infections from other conditions. This review provides an overview of the diagnostic potential of ISGs at transcript and protein levels, as well as their immune metabolites. We focus on their clinical applications and the sensitivity and specificity of these biomarkers through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. We highlight the need for further research to facilitate the effective translation of these biomarkers into clinical practice.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/1/132Biomarkertype I InterferonISGsddhCMxAISG15 |
| spellingShingle | Chien-Hsin Huang Maudry Laurent-Rolle Tyler L. Grove Jack Chun-Chieh Hsu Interferon-Stimulated Genes and Immune Metabolites as Broad-Spectrum Biomarkers for Viral Infections Viruses Biomarker type I Interferon ISGs ddhC MxA ISG15 |
| title | Interferon-Stimulated Genes and Immune Metabolites as Broad-Spectrum Biomarkers for Viral Infections |
| title_full | Interferon-Stimulated Genes and Immune Metabolites as Broad-Spectrum Biomarkers for Viral Infections |
| title_fullStr | Interferon-Stimulated Genes and Immune Metabolites as Broad-Spectrum Biomarkers for Viral Infections |
| title_full_unstemmed | Interferon-Stimulated Genes and Immune Metabolites as Broad-Spectrum Biomarkers for Viral Infections |
| title_short | Interferon-Stimulated Genes and Immune Metabolites as Broad-Spectrum Biomarkers for Viral Infections |
| title_sort | interferon stimulated genes and immune metabolites as broad spectrum biomarkers for viral infections |
| topic | Biomarker type I Interferon ISGs ddhC MxA ISG15 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/1/132 |
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