Comparative Analysis of γ-Cyclodextrin, Perilla Oil, and Their Inclusion Complexes on Liver Injury and Dyslipidemia Associated with Elevated Gastrointestinal 12-Hydroxylated Bile Acid Levels
Our previous study demonstrated that γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD)–perilla oil inclusion complexes increase plasma α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid levels in healthy rats without adverse effects. The present study examined the effects of perilla oil, γ-CD, and their inclusion complexes on rats fed...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Keisuke Yoshikiyo Hidehisa Shimizu Edward G. Nagato Satoshi Ishizuka Tatsuyuki Yamamoto |
| author_facet | Keisuke Yoshikiyo Hidehisa Shimizu Edward G. Nagato Satoshi Ishizuka Tatsuyuki Yamamoto |
| author_sort | Keisuke Yoshikiyo |
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| description | Our previous study demonstrated that γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD)–perilla oil inclusion complexes increase plasma α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid levels in healthy rats without adverse effects. The present study examined the effects of perilla oil, γ-CD, and their inclusion complexes on rats fed cholic acid (CA) to mimic the elevated gastrointestinal 12-hydroxylated (12OH) bile acid levels in high-fat diet-fed rats. Rats fed CA (CA group) tended to have higher AST, ALT, plasma total cholesterol (T-CHO), and triglyceride (TG) levels compared to controls fed a standard diet without CA. Rats fed CA and perilla oil (CA+LP group) showed a tendency for lower AST and plasma TG levels than those in the CA group. Rats fed CA and γ-CD (CA+CD group) had significantly higher AST, ALT, plasma T-CHO, and TG levels than the controls, indicating severe liver injury and dyslipidemia. Rats fed CA and the γ-CD–perilla oil inclusion complex (CA+IC group) had significantly lower AST and ALT levels than the CA+CD rats, with a trend towards lower plasma T-CHO and TG levels. Plasma α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid levels were significantly higher in the CA+LP and CA+IC groups than in the controls and CA+CD groups. However, the CA+IC group tended to have lower α-linolenic acid levels and significantly lower eicosapentaenoic acid levels than the CA+LP group. This suggests an accelerated conversion of α-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid in the CA+IC group, which may contribute to the attenuation of liver injury and dyslipidemia. These findings suggest that γ-CD may exacerbate liver injury and dyslipidemia caused by elevated gastrointestinal 12OH bile acid levels, whereas γ-CD–perilla oil inclusion complexes may ameliorate these effects by altering fatty acid metabolism. Furthermore, we recommend evaluating γ-CD safety in both healthy and pathological models and carefully selecting compounds co-ingested with γ-CD. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-79e599b4f105470abaac75fdc7a015b42025-01-24T13:43:24ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-01-0130228110.3390/molecules30020281Comparative Analysis of γ-Cyclodextrin, Perilla Oil, and Their Inclusion Complexes on Liver Injury and Dyslipidemia Associated with Elevated Gastrointestinal 12-Hydroxylated Bile Acid LevelsKeisuke Yoshikiyo0Hidehisa Shimizu1Edward G. Nagato2Satoshi Ishizuka3Tatsuyuki Yamamoto4Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, JapanInstitute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, JapanGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, JapanResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, JapanInstitute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, JapanOur previous study demonstrated that γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD)–perilla oil inclusion complexes increase plasma α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid levels in healthy rats without adverse effects. The present study examined the effects of perilla oil, γ-CD, and their inclusion complexes on rats fed cholic acid (CA) to mimic the elevated gastrointestinal 12-hydroxylated (12OH) bile acid levels in high-fat diet-fed rats. Rats fed CA (CA group) tended to have higher AST, ALT, plasma total cholesterol (T-CHO), and triglyceride (TG) levels compared to controls fed a standard diet without CA. Rats fed CA and perilla oil (CA+LP group) showed a tendency for lower AST and plasma TG levels than those in the CA group. Rats fed CA and γ-CD (CA+CD group) had significantly higher AST, ALT, plasma T-CHO, and TG levels than the controls, indicating severe liver injury and dyslipidemia. Rats fed CA and the γ-CD–perilla oil inclusion complex (CA+IC group) had significantly lower AST and ALT levels than the CA+CD rats, with a trend towards lower plasma T-CHO and TG levels. Plasma α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid levels were significantly higher in the CA+LP and CA+IC groups than in the controls and CA+CD groups. However, the CA+IC group tended to have lower α-linolenic acid levels and significantly lower eicosapentaenoic acid levels than the CA+LP group. This suggests an accelerated conversion of α-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid in the CA+IC group, which may contribute to the attenuation of liver injury and dyslipidemia. These findings suggest that γ-CD may exacerbate liver injury and dyslipidemia caused by elevated gastrointestinal 12OH bile acid levels, whereas γ-CD–perilla oil inclusion complexes may ameliorate these effects by altering fatty acid metabolism. Furthermore, we recommend evaluating γ-CD safety in both healthy and pathological models and carefully selecting compounds co-ingested with γ-CD.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/281Perilla oilγ-cyclodextrininclusion complex12-hydroxylated bile acidscholic acidα-linolenic acid |
| spellingShingle | Keisuke Yoshikiyo Hidehisa Shimizu Edward G. Nagato Satoshi Ishizuka Tatsuyuki Yamamoto Comparative Analysis of γ-Cyclodextrin, Perilla Oil, and Their Inclusion Complexes on Liver Injury and Dyslipidemia Associated with Elevated Gastrointestinal 12-Hydroxylated Bile Acid Levels Molecules Perilla oil γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex 12-hydroxylated bile acids cholic acid α-linolenic acid |
| title | Comparative Analysis of γ-Cyclodextrin, Perilla Oil, and Their Inclusion Complexes on Liver Injury and Dyslipidemia Associated with Elevated Gastrointestinal 12-Hydroxylated Bile Acid Levels |
| title_full | Comparative Analysis of γ-Cyclodextrin, Perilla Oil, and Their Inclusion Complexes on Liver Injury and Dyslipidemia Associated with Elevated Gastrointestinal 12-Hydroxylated Bile Acid Levels |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Analysis of γ-Cyclodextrin, Perilla Oil, and Their Inclusion Complexes on Liver Injury and Dyslipidemia Associated with Elevated Gastrointestinal 12-Hydroxylated Bile Acid Levels |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Analysis of γ-Cyclodextrin, Perilla Oil, and Their Inclusion Complexes on Liver Injury and Dyslipidemia Associated with Elevated Gastrointestinal 12-Hydroxylated Bile Acid Levels |
| title_short | Comparative Analysis of γ-Cyclodextrin, Perilla Oil, and Their Inclusion Complexes on Liver Injury and Dyslipidemia Associated with Elevated Gastrointestinal 12-Hydroxylated Bile Acid Levels |
| title_sort | comparative analysis of γ cyclodextrin perilla oil and their inclusion complexes on liver injury and dyslipidemia associated with elevated gastrointestinal 12 hydroxylated bile acid levels |
| topic | Perilla oil γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex 12-hydroxylated bile acids cholic acid α-linolenic acid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/281 |
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