<i>ACE</i> I/D Genotype and Risk of Non-Contact Injury in Moroccan Elite Athletes: A Pilot Study
<i>Background and Objectives:</i> The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in <i>ACE</i>, the gene encoding the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), has been suggested as a genetic variation that can influence exercise performance and risk of injury in elite athletes. The I...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/61/1/98 |
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| author | El Mokhtar El Ouali Jihan Kartibou Juan Del Coso Rashmi Supriya Ismail Laher Zineb El Kettani Hassan Ghazal Najib Al Idrissi Ayoub Saeidi Abdelhalem Mesfioui Hassane Zouhal |
| author_facet | El Mokhtar El Ouali Jihan Kartibou Juan Del Coso Rashmi Supriya Ismail Laher Zineb El Kettani Hassan Ghazal Najib Al Idrissi Ayoub Saeidi Abdelhalem Mesfioui Hassane Zouhal |
| author_sort | El Mokhtar El Ouali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Background and Objectives:</i> The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in <i>ACE</i>, the gene encoding the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), has been suggested as a genetic variation that can influence exercise performance and risk of injury in elite athletes. The I allele has been associated with enhanced endurance performance and with reduced inflammation, while the D allele has been associated with improved performance in strength and power activities. However, the role of this genetic variant in the incidence of non-contact injury is underexplored. This study investigated the possible association of <i>ACE</i> I/D genotypes with the risk of non-contact injury in elite Moroccan athletes. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> Forty-three elite male athletes (19 cyclists and 24 field hockey players) from the Moroccan national team participated voluntarily. Non-contact injuries were recorded for all athletes and classified according to the IOC consensus statement by the medical staff of the teams. <i>ACE</i> I/D polymorphism genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genomic DNA from blood samples. <i>Results:</i> There were four cyclists (21.05%) and eight field hockey players (33.33%) with a non-contact injury during the season. The distribution of the <i>ACE</i> I/D genotypes was similar in the athletes with vs. without non-contact injury for cyclists (DD/ID/II 25.00/50.00/25.00% vs. 46.67/40.00/13.33% non-injured, respectively; X<sup>2</sup> = 0.69, <i>p</i> = 0.70), field hockey players (DD/ID/II 50.00/50.00/0.00% vs. 50.00/43.75/6.25%; X<sup>2</sup> = 0.54, <i>p</i> = 0.76) and for the whole group of athletes (DD/ID/II 41.67/50.00/8.33% vs. 48.39/41.94/9.68%; X<sup>2</sup> = 0.22, <i>p</i> = 0.89). In the whole group of athletes, neither the dominant (DD + ID vs. II = OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.15–16.56, <i>p</i> = 0.89) nor the recessive (DD vs. ID + II = OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.31–4.89, <i>p</i> = 0.69) models showed an increased risk of non-contact injury. <i>Conclusions:</i> The distribution of the <i>ACE</i> I/D genotypes was similar in elite cycling and field hockey athletes with or without non-contact injury during the season. These results indicate that there is no significant association between the <i>ACE</i> I/D polymorphism and the susceptibility to non-contact injury in these athletes. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and to investigate their broader implications for advancing knowledge in sports injury prevention and optimizing athlete management strategies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7976b17c926e4841b69e1331a849c311 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1010-660X 1648-9144 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj-art-7976b17c926e4841b69e1331a849c3112025-01-24T13:40:35ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X1648-91442025-01-016119810.3390/medicina61010098<i>ACE</i> I/D Genotype and Risk of Non-Contact Injury in Moroccan Elite Athletes: A Pilot StudyEl Mokhtar El Ouali0Jihan Kartibou1Juan Del Coso2Rashmi Supriya3Ismail Laher4Zineb El Kettani5Hassan Ghazal6Najib Al Idrissi7Ayoub Saeidi8Abdelhalem Mesfioui9Hassane Zouhal10Institute of Sports Sciences, Hassan I University, Settat 26002, MoroccoLaboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Ibn Tofail University of Kenitra, Kenitra 14000, MoroccoSport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28942 Fuenlabrada, SpainCentre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, ChinaDepartment of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaLaboratory of Genomics, Epigenetics, Bioinformatics, Personalized and Predictive Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca 20000, MoroccoLaboratory of Genomics, Epigenetics, Bioinformatics, Personalized and Predictive Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca 20000, MoroccoLaboratory of Genomics, Epigenetics, Bioinformatics, Personalized and Predictive Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca 20000, MoroccoDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 1517566177, IranLaboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Ibn Tofail University of Kenitra, Kenitra 14000, MoroccoM2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé)—EA 1274, University Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France<i>Background and Objectives:</i> The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in <i>ACE</i>, the gene encoding the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), has been suggested as a genetic variation that can influence exercise performance and risk of injury in elite athletes. The I allele has been associated with enhanced endurance performance and with reduced inflammation, while the D allele has been associated with improved performance in strength and power activities. However, the role of this genetic variant in the incidence of non-contact injury is underexplored. This study investigated the possible association of <i>ACE</i> I/D genotypes with the risk of non-contact injury in elite Moroccan athletes. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> Forty-three elite male athletes (19 cyclists and 24 field hockey players) from the Moroccan national team participated voluntarily. Non-contact injuries were recorded for all athletes and classified according to the IOC consensus statement by the medical staff of the teams. <i>ACE</i> I/D polymorphism genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genomic DNA from blood samples. <i>Results:</i> There were four cyclists (21.05%) and eight field hockey players (33.33%) with a non-contact injury during the season. The distribution of the <i>ACE</i> I/D genotypes was similar in the athletes with vs. without non-contact injury for cyclists (DD/ID/II 25.00/50.00/25.00% vs. 46.67/40.00/13.33% non-injured, respectively; X<sup>2</sup> = 0.69, <i>p</i> = 0.70), field hockey players (DD/ID/II 50.00/50.00/0.00% vs. 50.00/43.75/6.25%; X<sup>2</sup> = 0.54, <i>p</i> = 0.76) and for the whole group of athletes (DD/ID/II 41.67/50.00/8.33% vs. 48.39/41.94/9.68%; X<sup>2</sup> = 0.22, <i>p</i> = 0.89). In the whole group of athletes, neither the dominant (DD + ID vs. II = OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.15–16.56, <i>p</i> = 0.89) nor the recessive (DD vs. ID + II = OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.31–4.89, <i>p</i> = 0.69) models showed an increased risk of non-contact injury. <i>Conclusions:</i> The distribution of the <i>ACE</i> I/D genotypes was similar in elite cycling and field hockey athletes with or without non-contact injury during the season. These results indicate that there is no significant association between the <i>ACE</i> I/D polymorphism and the susceptibility to non-contact injury in these athletes. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and to investigate their broader implications for advancing knowledge in sports injury prevention and optimizing athlete management strategies.https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/61/1/98angiotensin-converting enzymegenotypesendurance athletesteam sports athletestissue damageathletic performance |
| spellingShingle | El Mokhtar El Ouali Jihan Kartibou Juan Del Coso Rashmi Supriya Ismail Laher Zineb El Kettani Hassan Ghazal Najib Al Idrissi Ayoub Saeidi Abdelhalem Mesfioui Hassane Zouhal <i>ACE</i> I/D Genotype and Risk of Non-Contact Injury in Moroccan Elite Athletes: A Pilot Study Medicina angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes endurance athletes team sports athletes tissue damage athletic performance |
| title | <i>ACE</i> I/D Genotype and Risk of Non-Contact Injury in Moroccan Elite Athletes: A Pilot Study |
| title_full | <i>ACE</i> I/D Genotype and Risk of Non-Contact Injury in Moroccan Elite Athletes: A Pilot Study |
| title_fullStr | <i>ACE</i> I/D Genotype and Risk of Non-Contact Injury in Moroccan Elite Athletes: A Pilot Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>ACE</i> I/D Genotype and Risk of Non-Contact Injury in Moroccan Elite Athletes: A Pilot Study |
| title_short | <i>ACE</i> I/D Genotype and Risk of Non-Contact Injury in Moroccan Elite Athletes: A Pilot Study |
| title_sort | i ace i i d genotype and risk of non contact injury in moroccan elite athletes a pilot study |
| topic | angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes endurance athletes team sports athletes tissue damage athletic performance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/61/1/98 |
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