Pulse oximetry at two sensor placement sites in conscious foals
Abstract Background Pulse oximetry has not been thoroughly evaluated for assessment of oxygenation in conscious foals. Compared with invasive arterial blood sampling, it is a painless and non-invasive method for real-time monitoring of blood oxygen saturation. The aim of this prospective clinical st...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2025-01-01
|
| Series: | Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-025-00794-w |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832585499395489792 |
|---|---|
| author | Heini Sofia Rossi Anna Kristina Mykkänen Jouni Juho Tapio Junnila Heli Katariina Hyytiäinen |
| author_facet | Heini Sofia Rossi Anna Kristina Mykkänen Jouni Juho Tapio Junnila Heli Katariina Hyytiäinen |
| author_sort | Heini Sofia Rossi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Pulse oximetry has not been thoroughly evaluated for assessment of oxygenation in conscious foals. Compared with invasive arterial blood sampling, it is a painless and non-invasive method for real-time monitoring of blood oxygen saturation. The aim of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the usability, validity, and reliability of pulse oximetry at two measuring sites (lip and caudal abdominal skin fold) for blood oxygen saturation measurement in conscious foals with and without respiratory compromise. Thirty-two foals under one month of age were used. Nineteen foals had normal respiratory and cardiovascular function, and 13 had pneumonia. Pulse oximetry with a transmittance sensor was performed in triplicate on each foal’s lip (n = 196 measurements) and/or skin fold (n = 338 measurements), and arterial blood sample was collected. The oxygen saturation values measured by pulse oximetry from the lip and skin fold were compared with each other (n = 58 measurement pairs) and with the calculated arterial oxygen saturation based on arterial blood samples (n = 93 measurement pairs). Furthermore, repeatability of the pulse oximetry measurements was assessed. Results Measured blood oxygen saturation was clearly associated with the calculated saturation, but on average (± SD) it was 1.8 (± 3.3) percentage units higher from the lip and 5.7 (± 4.3) percentage units higher from the skin fold than the calculated saturation. In concurrent lip and skin fold measurements within a foal, the skin fold measurements were 2.4 (± 2.4) percentage units higher than the lip measurements. The repeatability of three pulse oximetry saturation measurement results was moderate to good and significantly improved when the measurement furthest from the middle-measured value was excluded. The most deviating measurement was often obtained first. Pulse oximetry in general was well tolerated and easy to perform, but as expected in conscious foals, movement and contact problems generated occasional technical difficulties in some individuals. Conclusions In conscious foals, pulse oximetry with a transmittance sensor attached to the lip (but not to the skin fold) is a clinically applicable and valid method for arterial blood oxygen saturation determination. Several measurements should be obtained and outliers discarded to obtain a reliable result. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-76ef9d909ace4b92bbfe3cc6ae9ce445 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1751-0147 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica |
| spelling | doaj-art-76ef9d909ace4b92bbfe3cc6ae9ce4452025-01-26T12:45:49ZengBMCActa Veterinaria Scandinavica1751-01472025-01-0167111210.1186/s13028-025-00794-wPulse oximetry at two sensor placement sites in conscious foalsHeini Sofia Rossi0Anna Kristina Mykkänen1Jouni Juho Tapio Junnila2Heli Katariina Hyytiäinen3Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of HelsinkiDepartment of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of HelsinkiEstiMates OyDepartment of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of HelsinkiAbstract Background Pulse oximetry has not been thoroughly evaluated for assessment of oxygenation in conscious foals. Compared with invasive arterial blood sampling, it is a painless and non-invasive method for real-time monitoring of blood oxygen saturation. The aim of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the usability, validity, and reliability of pulse oximetry at two measuring sites (lip and caudal abdominal skin fold) for blood oxygen saturation measurement in conscious foals with and without respiratory compromise. Thirty-two foals under one month of age were used. Nineteen foals had normal respiratory and cardiovascular function, and 13 had pneumonia. Pulse oximetry with a transmittance sensor was performed in triplicate on each foal’s lip (n = 196 measurements) and/or skin fold (n = 338 measurements), and arterial blood sample was collected. The oxygen saturation values measured by pulse oximetry from the lip and skin fold were compared with each other (n = 58 measurement pairs) and with the calculated arterial oxygen saturation based on arterial blood samples (n = 93 measurement pairs). Furthermore, repeatability of the pulse oximetry measurements was assessed. Results Measured blood oxygen saturation was clearly associated with the calculated saturation, but on average (± SD) it was 1.8 (± 3.3) percentage units higher from the lip and 5.7 (± 4.3) percentage units higher from the skin fold than the calculated saturation. In concurrent lip and skin fold measurements within a foal, the skin fold measurements were 2.4 (± 2.4) percentage units higher than the lip measurements. The repeatability of three pulse oximetry saturation measurement results was moderate to good and significantly improved when the measurement furthest from the middle-measured value was excluded. The most deviating measurement was often obtained first. Pulse oximetry in general was well tolerated and easy to perform, but as expected in conscious foals, movement and contact problems generated occasional technical difficulties in some individuals. Conclusions In conscious foals, pulse oximetry with a transmittance sensor attached to the lip (but not to the skin fold) is a clinically applicable and valid method for arterial blood oxygen saturation determination. Several measurements should be obtained and outliers discarded to obtain a reliable result.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-025-00794-wArterial blood sampleEquineHorseNon-anaesthetisedOxygenationPulse oximeter |
| spellingShingle | Heini Sofia Rossi Anna Kristina Mykkänen Jouni Juho Tapio Junnila Heli Katariina Hyytiäinen Pulse oximetry at two sensor placement sites in conscious foals Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Arterial blood sample Equine Horse Non-anaesthetised Oxygenation Pulse oximeter |
| title | Pulse oximetry at two sensor placement sites in conscious foals |
| title_full | Pulse oximetry at two sensor placement sites in conscious foals |
| title_fullStr | Pulse oximetry at two sensor placement sites in conscious foals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pulse oximetry at two sensor placement sites in conscious foals |
| title_short | Pulse oximetry at two sensor placement sites in conscious foals |
| title_sort | pulse oximetry at two sensor placement sites in conscious foals |
| topic | Arterial blood sample Equine Horse Non-anaesthetised Oxygenation Pulse oximeter |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-025-00794-w |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT heinisofiarossi pulseoximetryattwosensorplacementsitesinconsciousfoals AT annakristinamykkanen pulseoximetryattwosensorplacementsitesinconsciousfoals AT jounijuhotapiojunnila pulseoximetryattwosensorplacementsitesinconsciousfoals AT helikatariinahyytiainen pulseoximetryattwosensorplacementsitesinconsciousfoals |