Optimal Vase Solution for <i>Gerbera hybrida</i> Cut Flower Keeping Fresh by Activating SA and Cytokinin Signaling and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species
Gerbera (<i>Gerbera hybrida</i>) is a popular cut flower on the market, so extending its vase life (VL) is an important goal in the horticultural industry. The aim of this study was to improve the freshness of gerbera cut flowers through the optimal solution (OS) and to analyze its prese...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Chaoshui Xia Yiyang Cao Weixin Gan Huifeng Lin Huayang Li Fazhuang Lin Zhenhong Lu Weiting Chen |
| author_facet | Chaoshui Xia Yiyang Cao Weixin Gan Huifeng Lin Huayang Li Fazhuang Lin Zhenhong Lu Weiting Chen |
| author_sort | Chaoshui Xia |
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| description | Gerbera (<i>Gerbera hybrida</i>) is a popular cut flower on the market, so extending its vase life (VL) is an important goal in the horticultural industry. The aim of this study was to improve the freshness of gerbera cut flowers through the optimal solution (OS) and to analyze its preservation mechanism. We used chitosan (COS), calcium chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>), and citric acid (CA) as the main ingredients of the vase solution and determined the OS ratio of 104 mg/L of COS, 92 mg/L of CA, and 93 mg/L of CaCl<sub>2</sub> using the Box–Behnken design-response surface method (BBD-RSM). Gerbera preservation results showed that the VL of the OS was 14.5 days, which was significantly longer than that of flowers maintained in the Basic Vase Solution (BVS) and the Commercial Formulation (CF) and was highly consistent with the theoretical VL of 14.57 d. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the OS might extend VL by regulating phytohormone signaling pathways, such as cytokinin and salicylic acid signaling. The qRT-PCR analysis of key candidate genes supported these findings, with significant upregulation observed in genes related to cytokinin synthesis (e.g., <i>GhIPT1</i> and <i>GhIPT9</i>), salicylic acid signaling related to pathogen defense (e.g., <i>GhTGA1</i>, <i>GhTGA4</i>, <i>GhNPR1</i>, and <i>GhRBOHA</i>), and plant wax synthesis and stress response (e.g., <i>GhKCS5</i>, <i>GhCUT1</i>, and <i>GhKCS6</i>). Further, transcriptome GO-enrichment and physiological analysis showed that the OS might extend VL of Gerbera cut flowers by scavenging reactive oxygen species, including by activating the expression of genes related to oxidoreductase activity and the activities of antioxidant-system-related enzymes catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while decreasing the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. These results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the extended VL of gerbera cut flowers and offer a foundation for developing more effective preservation techniques. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-757a28cd11bd43be87da32ad20c00836 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-757a28cd11bd43be87da32ad20c008362025-01-24T13:23:19ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372024-12-011411810.3390/biology14010018Optimal Vase Solution for <i>Gerbera hybrida</i> Cut Flower Keeping Fresh by Activating SA and Cytokinin Signaling and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen SpeciesChaoshui Xia0Yiyang Cao1Weixin Gan2Huifeng Lin3Huayang Li4Fazhuang Lin5Zhenhong Lu6Weiting Chen7Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanming 365509, ChinaSanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanming 365509, ChinaSanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanming 365509, ChinaSanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanming 365509, ChinaInstitute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaSanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanming 365509, ChinaYunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, ChinaSanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanming 365509, ChinaGerbera (<i>Gerbera hybrida</i>) is a popular cut flower on the market, so extending its vase life (VL) is an important goal in the horticultural industry. The aim of this study was to improve the freshness of gerbera cut flowers through the optimal solution (OS) and to analyze its preservation mechanism. We used chitosan (COS), calcium chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>), and citric acid (CA) as the main ingredients of the vase solution and determined the OS ratio of 104 mg/L of COS, 92 mg/L of CA, and 93 mg/L of CaCl<sub>2</sub> using the Box–Behnken design-response surface method (BBD-RSM). Gerbera preservation results showed that the VL of the OS was 14.5 days, which was significantly longer than that of flowers maintained in the Basic Vase Solution (BVS) and the Commercial Formulation (CF) and was highly consistent with the theoretical VL of 14.57 d. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the OS might extend VL by regulating phytohormone signaling pathways, such as cytokinin and salicylic acid signaling. The qRT-PCR analysis of key candidate genes supported these findings, with significant upregulation observed in genes related to cytokinin synthesis (e.g., <i>GhIPT1</i> and <i>GhIPT9</i>), salicylic acid signaling related to pathogen defense (e.g., <i>GhTGA1</i>, <i>GhTGA4</i>, <i>GhNPR1</i>, and <i>GhRBOHA</i>), and plant wax synthesis and stress response (e.g., <i>GhKCS5</i>, <i>GhCUT1</i>, and <i>GhKCS6</i>). Further, transcriptome GO-enrichment and physiological analysis showed that the OS might extend VL of Gerbera cut flowers by scavenging reactive oxygen species, including by activating the expression of genes related to oxidoreductase activity and the activities of antioxidant-system-related enzymes catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while decreasing the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. These results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the extended VL of gerbera cut flowers and offer a foundation for developing more effective preservation techniques.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/1/18<i>Gerbera hybrida</i>preservationresponse surfaceantioxidant activitytranscriptome |
| spellingShingle | Chaoshui Xia Yiyang Cao Weixin Gan Huifeng Lin Huayang Li Fazhuang Lin Zhenhong Lu Weiting Chen Optimal Vase Solution for <i>Gerbera hybrida</i> Cut Flower Keeping Fresh by Activating SA and Cytokinin Signaling and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species Biology <i>Gerbera hybrida</i> preservation response surface antioxidant activity transcriptome |
| title | Optimal Vase Solution for <i>Gerbera hybrida</i> Cut Flower Keeping Fresh by Activating SA and Cytokinin Signaling and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species |
| title_full | Optimal Vase Solution for <i>Gerbera hybrida</i> Cut Flower Keeping Fresh by Activating SA and Cytokinin Signaling and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species |
| title_fullStr | Optimal Vase Solution for <i>Gerbera hybrida</i> Cut Flower Keeping Fresh by Activating SA and Cytokinin Signaling and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimal Vase Solution for <i>Gerbera hybrida</i> Cut Flower Keeping Fresh by Activating SA and Cytokinin Signaling and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species |
| title_short | Optimal Vase Solution for <i>Gerbera hybrida</i> Cut Flower Keeping Fresh by Activating SA and Cytokinin Signaling and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species |
| title_sort | optimal vase solution for i gerbera hybrida i cut flower keeping fresh by activating sa and cytokinin signaling and scavenging reactive oxygen species |
| topic | <i>Gerbera hybrida</i> preservation response surface antioxidant activity transcriptome |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/1/18 |
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