Principal Components Analysis of Spot Urine Caffeine and Caffeine Metabolites Identifies Promising Exposure Biomarkers of Caffeine and Theobromine Intake in a Cross-Sectional Survey of the United States Population (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2014)
Background: Spot urine concentrations of caffeine and certain caffeine metabolites correlate well with 24-h caffeine intake and have potential use as caffeine exposure biomarkers. However, a high degree of intercorrelation exists among these urine compounds, and their correlations with intake are ve...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Current Developments in Nutrition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2475299125029014 |
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