Structural Characterization of Foxtail Millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>) Polysaccharides and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Activities
A water-soluble polysaccharide from foxtail millet (FM-D1) was isolated and purified through gradient ethanol precipitation and column chromatography. Size-Exclusion Chromatography–Multi-Angle Light Scattering–Refractive Index (SEC-MALLS-RI) and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC)...
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2025-01-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| author | Haiying Zhang Chengyu Peng Wei Zhang Huatao Liu Xiaodong Liu Changqing Sun Xiaoning Cao |
| author_facet | Haiying Zhang Chengyu Peng Wei Zhang Huatao Liu Xiaodong Liu Changqing Sun Xiaoning Cao |
| author_sort | Haiying Zhang |
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| description | A water-soluble polysaccharide from foxtail millet (FM-D1) was isolated and purified through gradient ethanol precipitation and column chromatography. Size-Exclusion Chromatography–Multi-Angle Light Scattering–Refractive Index (SEC-MALLS-RI) and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) analyses revealed that FM-D1 constitutes a highly purified neutral polysaccharide exclusively composed of glucose as the sugar unit, with a molecular weight of 14.823 kDa. The structural characterization results obtained from gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) spectra suggest that FM-D1 primarily consists of a main chain linked by →4)-α-D-Glc<i>p</i>-(1→ and minor quantities of →4,6)-α-D-Glc<i>p</i>-(1→ to form the main chain, with branching mainly composed of α-D-Glc<i>p</i>-(1→ attached to the <i>O</i>-6 position of →4,6)-α-D-Glc<i>p</i>-(1→ sugar residues. Based on these findings, the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of FM-D1 were evaluated in vitro. The results indicated that FM-D1 exhibited moderate 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacity and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC). Furthermore, FM-D1 stimulated macrophage proliferation and inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 246.7 cells. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that foxtail millet holds promise as a potential antioxidant agent and immunologic substance in functional foods. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-74167f2535a84ed7a1933adf73ab674d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj-art-74167f2535a84ed7a1933adf73ab674d2025-01-24T13:19:31ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212025-01-0114111310.3390/antiox14010113Structural Characterization of Foxtail Millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>) Polysaccharides and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory ActivitiesHaiying Zhang0Chengyu Peng1Wei Zhang2Huatao Liu3Xiaodong Liu4Changqing Sun5Xiaoning Cao6College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030000, ChinaCollege of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030000, ChinaShanxi Province Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Organic Dryland Agriculture Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030000, ChinaShanxi Province Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Organic Dryland Agriculture Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030000, ChinaCollege of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030000, ChinaCollege of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030000, ChinaCenter for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030000, ChinaA water-soluble polysaccharide from foxtail millet (FM-D1) was isolated and purified through gradient ethanol precipitation and column chromatography. Size-Exclusion Chromatography–Multi-Angle Light Scattering–Refractive Index (SEC-MALLS-RI) and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) analyses revealed that FM-D1 constitutes a highly purified neutral polysaccharide exclusively composed of glucose as the sugar unit, with a molecular weight of 14.823 kDa. The structural characterization results obtained from gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) spectra suggest that FM-D1 primarily consists of a main chain linked by →4)-α-D-Glc<i>p</i>-(1→ and minor quantities of →4,6)-α-D-Glc<i>p</i>-(1→ to form the main chain, with branching mainly composed of α-D-Glc<i>p</i>-(1→ attached to the <i>O</i>-6 position of →4,6)-α-D-Glc<i>p</i>-(1→ sugar residues. Based on these findings, the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of FM-D1 were evaluated in vitro. The results indicated that FM-D1 exhibited moderate 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacity and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC). Furthermore, FM-D1 stimulated macrophage proliferation and inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 246.7 cells. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that foxtail millet holds promise as a potential antioxidant agent and immunologic substance in functional foods.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/1/113foxtail milletpolysaccharidestructural characterizationantioxidantimmunostimulatory activityRAW 246.7 cells |
| spellingShingle | Haiying Zhang Chengyu Peng Wei Zhang Huatao Liu Xiaodong Liu Changqing Sun Xiaoning Cao Structural Characterization of Foxtail Millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>) Polysaccharides and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Activities Antioxidants foxtail millet polysaccharide structural characterization antioxidant immunostimulatory activity RAW 246.7 cells |
| title | Structural Characterization of Foxtail Millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>) Polysaccharides and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Activities |
| title_full | Structural Characterization of Foxtail Millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>) Polysaccharides and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Activities |
| title_fullStr | Structural Characterization of Foxtail Millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>) Polysaccharides and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Activities |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structural Characterization of Foxtail Millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>) Polysaccharides and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Activities |
| title_short | Structural Characterization of Foxtail Millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>) Polysaccharides and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Activities |
| title_sort | structural characterization of foxtail millet i setaria italica i polysaccharides and evaluation of its antioxidant and immunostimulatory activities |
| topic | foxtail millet polysaccharide structural characterization antioxidant immunostimulatory activity RAW 246.7 cells |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/1/113 |
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