Novel Statistical Analysis Schemes for Frequency-Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging for Inspection of Ship Hull Materials
In the field of thermal non-destructive testing and evaluation (TNDT&E), active thermography gained popularity due to its fast wide-area monitoring and remote inspection capability to assess materials without compromising their future usability. Among the various active thermographic methods, pu...
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MDPI AG
2024-10-01
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| author | Ishant Singh Vanita Arora Prabhu Babu Ravibabu Mulaveesala |
| author_facet | Ishant Singh Vanita Arora Prabhu Babu Ravibabu Mulaveesala |
| author_sort | Ishant Singh |
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| description | In the field of thermal non-destructive testing and evaluation (TNDT&E), active thermography gained popularity due to its fast wide-area monitoring and remote inspection capability to assess materials without compromising their future usability. Among the various active thermographic methods, pulse compression-favorable frequency-modulated thermal wave imaging stands out for its enhanced detectability and depth resolution. In this study, an experimental investigation has been carried out on a hardened steel sample used in the ship building industry with a flat-bottom-hole-simulated defect using the frequency-modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI) technique. The defect detection capabilities of FMTWI have been investigated from various statistical post-processing approaches and compared by taking the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a figure of merit. Among various adopted statistical post-processing techniques, pulse compression has been carried out using different methods, namely the offset removal with polynomial curve fitting and principal component analysis (PCA), which is an unsupervised learning approach for data reduction and offset removal with median centering for data standardization. The performance of these techniques was assessed through experimental investigations on hardened steel specimens used in ship building to provide valuable insights into their effectiveness in defect detection capabilities. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-73f4a1b2adc34573a11b2600fbdca60e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2813-477X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | NDT |
| spelling | doaj-art-73f4a1b2adc34573a11b2600fbdca60e2025-01-24T13:44:20ZengMDPI AGNDT2813-477X2024-10-012444545510.3390/ndt2040027Novel Statistical Analysis Schemes for Frequency-Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging for Inspection of Ship Hull MaterialsIshant Singh0Vanita Arora1Prabhu Babu2Ravibabu Mulaveesala3InfraRed Imaging Laboratory (IRIL), Centre for Sensors, Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering (SeNSE), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, IndiaInfraRed Vision & Automation Pvt. Ltd., Sun City, Rupnagar 140001, IndiaCentre for Applied Research in Electronics (CARE), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, IndiaInfraRed Imaging Laboratory (IRIL), Centre for Sensors, Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering (SeNSE), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, IndiaIn the field of thermal non-destructive testing and evaluation (TNDT&E), active thermography gained popularity due to its fast wide-area monitoring and remote inspection capability to assess materials without compromising their future usability. Among the various active thermographic methods, pulse compression-favorable frequency-modulated thermal wave imaging stands out for its enhanced detectability and depth resolution. In this study, an experimental investigation has been carried out on a hardened steel sample used in the ship building industry with a flat-bottom-hole-simulated defect using the frequency-modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI) technique. The defect detection capabilities of FMTWI have been investigated from various statistical post-processing approaches and compared by taking the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a figure of merit. Among various adopted statistical post-processing techniques, pulse compression has been carried out using different methods, namely the offset removal with polynomial curve fitting and principal component analysis (PCA), which is an unsupervised learning approach for data reduction and offset removal with median centering for data standardization. The performance of these techniques was assessed through experimental investigations on hardened steel specimens used in ship building to provide valuable insights into their effectiveness in defect detection capabilities.https://www.mdpi.com/2813-477X/2/4/27non-destructive testing and evaluationfrequency-modulated thermal wave imagingprincipal component analysispulse compressionprincipal component thermography |
| spellingShingle | Ishant Singh Vanita Arora Prabhu Babu Ravibabu Mulaveesala Novel Statistical Analysis Schemes for Frequency-Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging for Inspection of Ship Hull Materials NDT non-destructive testing and evaluation frequency-modulated thermal wave imaging principal component analysis pulse compression principal component thermography |
| title | Novel Statistical Analysis Schemes for Frequency-Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging for Inspection of Ship Hull Materials |
| title_full | Novel Statistical Analysis Schemes for Frequency-Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging for Inspection of Ship Hull Materials |
| title_fullStr | Novel Statistical Analysis Schemes for Frequency-Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging for Inspection of Ship Hull Materials |
| title_full_unstemmed | Novel Statistical Analysis Schemes for Frequency-Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging for Inspection of Ship Hull Materials |
| title_short | Novel Statistical Analysis Schemes for Frequency-Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging for Inspection of Ship Hull Materials |
| title_sort | novel statistical analysis schemes for frequency modulated thermal wave imaging for inspection of ship hull materials |
| topic | non-destructive testing and evaluation frequency-modulated thermal wave imaging principal component analysis pulse compression principal component thermography |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2813-477X/2/4/27 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ishantsingh novelstatisticalanalysisschemesforfrequencymodulatedthermalwaveimagingforinspectionofshiphullmaterials AT vanitaarora novelstatisticalanalysisschemesforfrequencymodulatedthermalwaveimagingforinspectionofshiphullmaterials AT prabhubabu novelstatisticalanalysisschemesforfrequencymodulatedthermalwaveimagingforinspectionofshiphullmaterials AT ravibabumulaveesala novelstatisticalanalysisschemesforfrequencymodulatedthermalwaveimagingforinspectionofshiphullmaterials |