Benchmarking equivalent circuit models for the IV characteristic of bifacial photovoltaic modules
Modelling the current–voltage (IV) characteristic curve of photovoltaic (PV) modules can give valuable insight into the state of health of the PV modules by estimating equivalent circuit parameters, and be used for fault detection in conjunction with IV-based condition monitoring of PV modules, stri...
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EDP Sciences
2025-01-01
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| Series: | EPJ Photovoltaics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.epj-pv.org/articles/epjpv/full_html/2025/01/pv20240043/pv20240043.html |
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| author | Bartholomäus Martin Morino Luca Poulsen Peter B. Spataru Sergiu V. |
| author_facet | Bartholomäus Martin Morino Luca Poulsen Peter B. Spataru Sergiu V. |
| author_sort | Bartholomäus Martin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Modelling the current–voltage (IV) characteristic curve of photovoltaic (PV) modules can give valuable insight into the state of health of the PV modules by estimating equivalent circuit parameters, and be used for fault detection in conjunction with IV-based condition monitoring of PV modules, strings and arrays. The most prevalent approach to approximate the IV curve of bifacial solar devices is to model a single diode equivalent circuit model (ECM) with two photo-current sources, representing the front and the back side. This approach is implemented in the main PV modelling software with various methods to parameterize the model. In this work we benchmark the most common ECM models for bifacial devices, using pvlib-python, against module level IV curves measured with an outdoor measuring system. We record IV measurements on eight current-generation bifacial PV modules with PERC-type cells, covering the range of temperature and irradiance conditions over a full year in the Danish climate. The modelling uses datasheet specifications as that is the most widely available input. Results show normalized mean bias errors between −0.71% and 4.09% and normalized root mean squared errors between 1.62% and 9.76% across Pmp, Isc and Voc, with Voc exhibiting the lowest estimation errors. All models show weaknesses in the irradiance and temperature dependence at Isc. The CEC and PVsyst model have an improved temperature and irradiance dependency at Voc compared to the DeSoto model, which performed better at estimating Pmp. While the models characterize the Vmp/Voc ratio well, they fail to cover the wide range of Imp/Isc ratios seen in measurements. We found the generic datasheet parameters used for model parametrization to be overestimated compared to flash tests, which contributed to the modelling error. Using non-module specific inputs also meant that results vary significantly for different modules of the same type. A monofacial module showed on par or worse modelling results compared to bifacial modules, validating the modelling approach of a combined effective irradiance for the front and back side. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-73a273fa967340efa222f51bfae62adb |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2105-0716 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | EDP Sciences |
| record_format | Article |
| series | EPJ Photovoltaics |
| spelling | doaj-art-73a273fa967340efa222f51bfae62adb2025-02-05T10:54:29ZengEDP SciencesEPJ Photovoltaics2105-07162025-01-01161210.1051/epjpv/2024046pv20240043Benchmarking equivalent circuit models for the IV characteristic of bifacial photovoltaic modulesBartholomäus Martin0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0517-3050Morino Luca1Poulsen Peter B.2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7317-4472Spataru Sergiu V.3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8112-2779Technical University of Denmark, Department of Electrical and Photonics EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark, Department of Electrical and Photonics EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark, Department of Electrical and Photonics EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark, Department of Electrical and Photonics EngineeringModelling the current–voltage (IV) characteristic curve of photovoltaic (PV) modules can give valuable insight into the state of health of the PV modules by estimating equivalent circuit parameters, and be used for fault detection in conjunction with IV-based condition monitoring of PV modules, strings and arrays. The most prevalent approach to approximate the IV curve of bifacial solar devices is to model a single diode equivalent circuit model (ECM) with two photo-current sources, representing the front and the back side. This approach is implemented in the main PV modelling software with various methods to parameterize the model. In this work we benchmark the most common ECM models for bifacial devices, using pvlib-python, against module level IV curves measured with an outdoor measuring system. We record IV measurements on eight current-generation bifacial PV modules with PERC-type cells, covering the range of temperature and irradiance conditions over a full year in the Danish climate. The modelling uses datasheet specifications as that is the most widely available input. Results show normalized mean bias errors between −0.71% and 4.09% and normalized root mean squared errors between 1.62% and 9.76% across Pmp, Isc and Voc, with Voc exhibiting the lowest estimation errors. All models show weaknesses in the irradiance and temperature dependence at Isc. The CEC and PVsyst model have an improved temperature and irradiance dependency at Voc compared to the DeSoto model, which performed better at estimating Pmp. While the models characterize the Vmp/Voc ratio well, they fail to cover the wide range of Imp/Isc ratios seen in measurements. We found the generic datasheet parameters used for model parametrization to be overestimated compared to flash tests, which contributed to the modelling error. Using non-module specific inputs also meant that results vary significantly for different modules of the same type. A monofacial module showed on par or worse modelling results compared to bifacial modules, validating the modelling approach of a combined effective irradiance for the front and back side.https://www.epj-pv.org/articles/epjpv/full_html/2025/01/pv20240043/pv20240043.htmlequivalent circuit modeliv characteristicbifacial pvcurrent–voltagepvlib |
| spellingShingle | Bartholomäus Martin Morino Luca Poulsen Peter B. Spataru Sergiu V. Benchmarking equivalent circuit models for the IV characteristic of bifacial photovoltaic modules EPJ Photovoltaics equivalent circuit model iv characteristic bifacial pv current–voltage pvlib |
| title | Benchmarking equivalent circuit models for the IV characteristic of bifacial photovoltaic modules |
| title_full | Benchmarking equivalent circuit models for the IV characteristic of bifacial photovoltaic modules |
| title_fullStr | Benchmarking equivalent circuit models for the IV characteristic of bifacial photovoltaic modules |
| title_full_unstemmed | Benchmarking equivalent circuit models for the IV characteristic of bifacial photovoltaic modules |
| title_short | Benchmarking equivalent circuit models for the IV characteristic of bifacial photovoltaic modules |
| title_sort | benchmarking equivalent circuit models for the iv characteristic of bifacial photovoltaic modules |
| topic | equivalent circuit model iv characteristic bifacial pv current–voltage pvlib |
| url | https://www.epj-pv.org/articles/epjpv/full_html/2025/01/pv20240043/pv20240043.html |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bartholomausmartin benchmarkingequivalentcircuitmodelsfortheivcharacteristicofbifacialphotovoltaicmodules AT morinoluca benchmarkingequivalentcircuitmodelsfortheivcharacteristicofbifacialphotovoltaicmodules AT poulsenpeterb benchmarkingequivalentcircuitmodelsfortheivcharacteristicofbifacialphotovoltaicmodules AT spatarusergiuv benchmarkingequivalentcircuitmodelsfortheivcharacteristicofbifacialphotovoltaicmodules |