Recent advances in electrochemical recovery of rare earth elements from NdFeB magnets
Recent advances in electrochemical methods promise a more sustainable recycling of rare earth elements (REEs) from discarded NdFeB permanent magnets. The demand for NdFeB magnets for clean energy applications is rapidly increasing, motivating recycling efforts to diversify REE supply. The main elect...
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University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty, Bor
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Mining and Metallurgy. Section B: Metallurgy |
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| Online Access: | https://doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1450-5339/2024/1450-53392400001F.pdf |
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| author | Fu L. Karimi-Maleh H. |
| author_facet | Fu L. Karimi-Maleh H. |
| author_sort | Fu L. |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Recent advances in electrochemical methods promise a more sustainable recycling of rare earth elements (REEs) from discarded NdFeB permanent magnets. The demand for NdFeB magnets for clean energy applications is rapidly increasing, motivating recycling efforts to diversify REE supply. The main electrochemical steps include the selective dissolution of REE-rich phases at the anode and the reduction of REE ions at the cathode. Pretreatment with demagnetization, mechanical size reduction, and leaching contributes to the release and concentration of REEs. Thermal demagnetization and mechanical crushing make the magnets brittle and improve the penetration of leaching agents. Acid leaching dissolves the REEs, but also dissolves the iron. To facilitate the extraction of REEs at high temperatures, molten salt electrolytes such as chlorides are used, while ionic liquids allow extraction under milder conditions, but with the caveat of possible decomposition during the process. Aqueous solutions have been most thoroughly investigated due to their versatility and affordability. Fluoride-based molten salt electrolytes effectively dissolve RREs and provide a stable environment for hightemperature electrodeposition, improving the efficiency and sustainability of rare earth element recovery. To isolate highpurity REE oxides and metals, additional processing is required using techniques such as solvent extraction, selective precipitation, and electroseparation. Key factors for optimal electrochemical recycling are maximizing selectivity for REEs, minimizing energy consumption and waste generation, and simplifying integration. Although technical challenges remain, recent advances show that electrochemical technologies can improve the sustainability of recycling critical REEs from permanent magnets. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-734b146b40004af6b4220d3f2fcd4ab1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1450-5339 2217-7175 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty, Bor |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Mining and Metallurgy. Section B: Metallurgy |
| spelling | doaj-art-734b146b40004af6b4220d3f2fcd4ab12025-02-03T08:18:20ZengUniversity of Belgrade, Technical Faculty, BorJournal of Mining and Metallurgy. Section B: Metallurgy1450-53392217-71752024-01-0160111410.2298/JMMB230823001F1450-53392400001FRecent advances in electrochemical recovery of rare earth elements from NdFeB magnetsFu L.0Karimi-Maleh H.1College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, ChinaSchool of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China + School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, LebanonRecent advances in electrochemical methods promise a more sustainable recycling of rare earth elements (REEs) from discarded NdFeB permanent magnets. The demand for NdFeB magnets for clean energy applications is rapidly increasing, motivating recycling efforts to diversify REE supply. The main electrochemical steps include the selective dissolution of REE-rich phases at the anode and the reduction of REE ions at the cathode. Pretreatment with demagnetization, mechanical size reduction, and leaching contributes to the release and concentration of REEs. Thermal demagnetization and mechanical crushing make the magnets brittle and improve the penetration of leaching agents. Acid leaching dissolves the REEs, but also dissolves the iron. To facilitate the extraction of REEs at high temperatures, molten salt electrolytes such as chlorides are used, while ionic liquids allow extraction under milder conditions, but with the caveat of possible decomposition during the process. Aqueous solutions have been most thoroughly investigated due to their versatility and affordability. Fluoride-based molten salt electrolytes effectively dissolve RREs and provide a stable environment for hightemperature electrodeposition, improving the efficiency and sustainability of rare earth element recovery. To isolate highpurity REE oxides and metals, additional processing is required using techniques such as solvent extraction, selective precipitation, and electroseparation. Key factors for optimal electrochemical recycling are maximizing selectivity for REEs, minimizing energy consumption and waste generation, and simplifying integration. Although technical challenges remain, recent advances show that electrochemical technologies can improve the sustainability of recycling critical REEs from permanent magnets.https://doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1450-5339/2024/1450-53392400001F.pdfrare earth elements (rees)ndfeb magnetselectrochemical recyclinghydrometallurgysustainability |
| spellingShingle | Fu L. Karimi-Maleh H. Recent advances in electrochemical recovery of rare earth elements from NdFeB magnets Journal of Mining and Metallurgy. Section B: Metallurgy rare earth elements (rees) ndfeb magnets electrochemical recycling hydrometallurgy sustainability |
| title | Recent advances in electrochemical recovery of rare earth elements from NdFeB magnets |
| title_full | Recent advances in electrochemical recovery of rare earth elements from NdFeB magnets |
| title_fullStr | Recent advances in electrochemical recovery of rare earth elements from NdFeB magnets |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recent advances in electrochemical recovery of rare earth elements from NdFeB magnets |
| title_short | Recent advances in electrochemical recovery of rare earth elements from NdFeB magnets |
| title_sort | recent advances in electrochemical recovery of rare earth elements from ndfeb magnets |
| topic | rare earth elements (rees) ndfeb magnets electrochemical recycling hydrometallurgy sustainability |
| url | https://doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1450-5339/2024/1450-53392400001F.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ful recentadvancesinelectrochemicalrecoveryofrareearthelementsfromndfebmagnets AT karimimalehh recentadvancesinelectrochemicalrecoveryofrareearthelementsfromndfebmagnets |